]pXnb\nba¯nsâbpw BZyIme {InkvXym\nXz¯nsâbpw Ncn{X]camb {IaoIcWw, {][m\ambpw cm{ãobhpw, kmaqlnIhpw, kmwkvImcnIhpw, ssZhimkv{X]chpw, ZmÀi\nIhpw, hnZym`ymk]chpamb ImgvN¸mSmWv. cm{ãobamb ]Ým¯es¯ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw ]qÀ®amb biÊv tdma km{amPy¯n\msW¦nepw, kmwkvImcnI, hnZym`ymk, X¯zNn´bpsS BXy´nIamb IS¸mSv {Ko¡v kwkvImc¯nt\mSmWv. Fómð ssZhimkv{X]chpw hnZym`ymk]chpw aX]chpamb ]Ým¯e¯nsâ ImXemb A´k¯ blqZ temI¯ntâXmbncpóp. BZyIme {InkvXp aX¯nsâ ]cnØnXn blqZòmcpsSbpw tbiphnsâbpw tbiphnsâ injyòmcpsSbpw kztZiamb ]ekvXo³ Bbncpóp. B.C. 586 apXð B.C. 331 hscbpÅ ImeL«¯nð _m_ntemWnbcpw [Babylonians] t]Àjy¡mcpw [Persians] blqZòmsc ]nSn¨S¡n. A¡me¯v ^ekvXo³ [Palestine], saskms¸mt«anb [Mesopotamia] FónhnS§fnse an¡ PqXòmcpw s]mXp]cn]mSnIÄ¡mbn _m_ntemWnbbpsS HutZymKnI `mjbmb Acamb [Aramaic] `mj X§fpsS amXr`mjbmbn kzoIcn¨p. slñ\nI bpK¯nsâ [Hellenistic era] DZb Imebfhnð ]mekvXo\nse hnZym`ymk clnXcmb km[mcW P\kaql¯nð ln{_p`mj [Hebrew] A\yw \nóp XpS§nbncpóp. slñ\nI bpK¯n\pw, B.C. 331 ð alm\mb AeIvkmïÀ [Alexander The Great] ]mekvXos\ IogS¡nbXn\pw hfsc ap³]p Xsó ]ekvXo³ P\Xsb {Ko¡pImÀ kzm[o\n¨ncpóp. B.C. Aômw \qÁmïnð t]mepw ]mekvXo\nse {Ko¡v IeIÄ, Ifna¬ ]m{X§Ä Fónh hfsc {]nb¦cambncpóp. Cu {]tZi¯pÅ k¼ócmb P\§Ä {Ko¡v inev]nIfmð sIm¯nsbSp¯ amÀ_nÄ sImïmWv ihIpSoc§Ä Ae¦cn¨ncpóXv. B.C. 450 ð {Ko¡pImÀ {Ibhn{Ib¯n\v \mWb§Ä Iïp]nSn¨t¸mÄ, {Ko¡v \mWb§sf A\pIcn¡pó kz´w shÅn \mWb§Ä A¨Sn¡m³ bqZòmÀ¡v A\phmZw \ðInbncpóp.

blqZaX¯nte¡pÅ Cu bh\Nn´mKXnbpsS A\pcq]oIcWw BZyIme {InkvXob hnZym`ymk¯nsâ DÛh¯n\p ]Ým¯esamcp¡n. BZyIme {InkvXobXbv¡v {Ko¡v-tdmatemIs¯ [Greco-Roman] GÁhpw {][m\amb IhmShgn [Gateway] Ubkvt]md kn\tKmKpIÄ [Diaspora synagogues] \ðInbncpóp BZyIme {InkvXym\nIÄ ]eXcw kmwkvImcnI kzm[o\§fpÅ Hcp temI¯nð Pohn¨p. {InkvXpaX¯nsâ BhnÀ`mh¯n\p ap¼pÅ ainlm [Messiah] Fó k¦ð¸w blqZòmcpsS hcphm\ncn¡pó c£I³ Fó \nebnð Hcp {]Xymi Bbncpóp. A{]Imcw \ne\nóncpó ainlm Fó ioÀjIw {InkvXphnsâ {]m[m\yw hymJym\n¡phm³ {InkvXp A\p`mhnIÄ XpSÀópw {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯n. shfns¸Sp¯póh³ Asñ¦nð c£I³ [Revealer/Redeemer] Fó Úm\hmZ¯nsâ [Gnostic idea] Bibw Ct¸mgpw ]cnIð]\bnð ]qÀWX t\Snbncpónñ. kvtÁmbnknkw [Stoicism] , \nKqVX [Mysteries] , Ip{am kapZmb§Ä [Qumran community] XpS§nbhcpambn At\Iw BfpIÄ _Ôs¸«ncpóp. AXpsImïv {InkvXobX XnI¨pw Hcp ]pXnb Bibtam {]tbmKtam Bbn AhÀ ]cnKWn¨cpónñ.

cm{ãob ]Ým¯e§Ä [Political Backgrounds] :
{InkvXob hnZym`ymk¯nsâ BhnÀ`mhw tdmamkm{amPy¯nsâbpw AXnse N{IhÀ¯nIfpsSbpw Ncn{Xhpambn hym]Iambn _Ôs¸«p InS¡póp. Cu temI¯nse tbiphnsâ ZuXy¯nsâ Ncn{Xw Bcw`n¡póXv tdma `cWt¯mSp _Ôs¸« kµÀ`§fnemWv. tdmam N{IhÀ¯nbmb kokÀ AKkvÁknsâ [Caesar Augustus] \nIpXn Npa¯m\pÅ X{´]camb D¯chnsâ Ime¯v tdmamkm{amPy¯nse Hcp {]hniybnð tbip P\n¨p. tbip ]oUn¸n¡s¸«tijw, {Iqin¡s¸SpIbpw ]p\cp°m\w {]m]n¡pIbpw sNbvXXv tdma `cWm[nImcnbmb s]m´nbmkv ss]eÁnsâ [Roman procurator of Judea, Pontius Pilot] Ime¯mbncpóp. ( A.D. 26-36 ) Cu ImeL«¯nse aÁp ]e kw`h§fpw tdma `cWhpambn _Ôs¸«ncn¡póp. [The First Christians:Spread of Roman Empire By Holland Lee Hendrx]

CÁenbnse Hcp ASnØm\ cmjv{Sob LSIambn [Political unit in Italy] XpS§nb sNdnb {]Øm\w Ime{ItaW Fñm saUnÁtd\nb³ \ZoXS§fnte¡pw [Mediterranean basin] ]SÀóp ]´en¨v Hcp alm km{¼mPyambn hfcpIbmbncpóp. ]t£, AXv hfscb[nIw kabsaSp¯p. A[n\nthi¯neqsSbpw ASn¨aÀ¯eneqsSbpw, Fómð NneXv, £Wn¡t¸SpIbneqsSbpw [invasion, through conquest, but also through invitation] \nch[n Ne\mßIXIfnð \nóv AXv hfÀóp hóp. Nne Ing¡³ saUnÁtd\nb³ [Eastern Mediterranean] bh\ \Kc§fnð tdma hyhkmbnIÄ bYmÀ° kmaqly bqWnÁpIÄ cq]oIcn¨p. AXn\ptijw irwKeIfmbn [Networks] amdnb C¯cw bqWnÁpIsf cm{ãob iànIÄ cmjv{Sob Dt±it¯msS ]n´pSÀóp. CÁen [Italy] apXð km¼¯nIhpw ssk\nIhpamb {]hÀ¯\§fnð \nóv km{amPyw hS¡³ B{^n¡ [North Africa] , ]Snªmdv A§v ss{KÁv {_n«¬ [Great Britain] hsc, Ing¡³ kndnb [Eastern Syria] hsc Ingt¡m«v, {Kokv apgph³ [All of Greece] , XpÀ¡n apgph³ [All of Turkey] , kndnb³ ]ekvXo³ [Syral Palestinian] {]tZiwhsc AXp ]´en¨p. ]qÀ®amb saUnÁtd\nb³ [Mediterranean basin] XSw ^e]pãnbpÅ tdma Bbncpóp. [The First Christians:The Roman Empire And Judea By Michael White] tdma `cWm[n]À saUnÁtd\nb³ {]tZi§Ä ]nSn¨S¡pt¼mgmWv sblqZybqw [Judea] IogS¡nbXv. Cu {]{Inbbnð, AhÀ NneXv {]hniyIfmbpw [Provinces] NneXv ¢bâv cmPy§fmbpw [Client kingdoms] {]Jym]n¨p. Cu ¢bâv cmPy§fnð Hómbncpóp sblqZy. kzbw kzX{´tam AÀ²kzX{´tam Bbncpó cmPm¡òmcmbncpóp AXnsâ `cWIÀ¯m¡Ä. \ap¡v Adnbmhpó alm\mb sltcmZmhv [Herod the Great] Bbncpóp Aós¯ blpZybpsS cmPmhv.

blqZòmcpsS PòØeamb blqZymbnse km[mcW¡mcmb P\§Ä¡v tdmw {]_eamb B[n]XyapÅ Hcp apJy cm{ãob LSIambncpóp. ssZ\wZn\ hyhlmc§fnð tdmam¡msc AhÀ Iïncpónsñ¦nepw ]pdInð tdmam¡mÀ AhcpsS A[nImcw ASnt¨ð]n¡pIbmbncpóp. ¢bâv cmPhwi¯nsâ Imcy¯nð, PyqUnbbnð, sltcmZmhnsâ `cWhpw sltcmZmhnsâ ssk\yhpw Hcp cm{ãobØm]\ambn \ne\nóncpóp. Fómð, tdmam¡mÀ knwlmk\¯n\p ]nónð A[nImc¯nepsïóv FñmhÀ¡pw Adnbmambncpóp blqZcm{ã§fnð A¡me§fnð kw`hn¨ ]e {]iv\§fpsSbpw, km¼¯nI {]XnkÔnbpsSbpw, DdhnShpw {tkmXÊpw tdmw BsWó Imcyhpw FñmhÀ¡pw Adnbmambncpóp. AXpsImïv, ssZ\wZn\ P\PohnX¯n\p taðt\m«w hln¡pó Hcp {][m\ iànbpsïóXmbncpóp Aós¯ \nehnencpó cm{ãob bmYmÀ°yw.

B.C. 37 apXð B.C. 4 hsc `cn¨ncpó alm\mb sltcmZmhv cm{ãob ImgvN¸mSnð ZoÀLhpw `wKnbpapÅ Hcp kaÀ°amb `cWw ImgvNsh¨p. ZmhoZnsâbpw itemtamsâbpw cmPhwi¯nsâ XpSÀ`cWsaóv hymJym\n¡s¸«ncpó cmP]c¼cbnse alm\mb sltcmZmhnsâ acWtijw cmPyw At±l¯nsâ aqóp a¡Ä¡mbn ]¦psh¨p. Hcp ]p{X\mb sltcmZmhv A´n¸mkv [Herod Antipas], KeoebpsS hS¡³ {]tZi§fpw tPmÀ±m³ \ZnbpsS Ing¡phi§fpw ssI¿S¡n. asÁmcp ]p{X³ ^nen¸v Keoenbm ISensâ Ing¡p`mK¯pÅ taJebnse {]tZi§Ä ssI¿S¡n. Ct¸mÄ B {]tZiw tKmem³ IpópIfmbn [Golan Heights] IW¡m¡s¸Spóp. aqómas¯ ]p{X³ AÀ¡vsebkv [Archelaeus] hmkvXh¯nð GÁhpw {][m\s¸« \Kc§Ä DÄs¸« hensbmcp `mKsaSp¯p. Ct¸mÄ \½Ä blqZysbóp hnfn¡pó Cu {]tZiw bYmÀ°¯nð aqóv k_v Unhnj\pIfnð GÁhpw {][m\s¸«Xmbncpóp.

{Ko¡v-tdma ]Ým¯es¯¡pdn¨v hkvXp\njvThpw kXykÔhpamb Adnhv e`n¡póXn\v GItZiw B.C. 300 apXð A.D. 300 hscbpÅ, AXmbXv, AeIvkmïdnð \nóv tIm¬kvÁssâ³ [Alexander to Constantine] hscbpÅ hnimeamb kabw IW¡nseSpt¡ïXpïv. ap³ImeL«§fnð slñ\nI cmjv{Sob kzm[o\w ap³]´nbnembncpóp F¦nð ]nð¡me¯v tdmamkm{amPy¯nsâ kzm[o\w cm{ãob cwK¯v bh\ ImeL«s¯¡mfpw IqSpXð Imew ap³]´nbnembncpóp. slñ\nI ImeL«¯n\pap³]v lo{_p Ncn{Xhpw slñ\nI Ncn{Xhpw X½nepÅ _Ôw t]Àjy³ km{amPy¯mð Ae¦cn¨ncn¡póp. t]Àjy³ N{IhÀ¯namÀ, ap³KmanIfnð \nóv hyXykvXambn, hyànKX kwkvImcs¯ \ne\nÀ¯m³ LSI A[o\{]tZi§sf [Constituent territories] A\phZn¨p. ]mÀkncmPmhmb sskdkv [Cyrus, King of Persia] _m_ntemWnð _µnIfm¡nbncpó blqZòmcmb XShpImsc, sbcqiteanse AhcpsS Bebw ]WnbpóXn\v kzmX{´yw {]Jym]n¨v hn«b¨p. [Ezra 1:1-4; 2 Chronicles 36:33-23] t]Àjy¡mÀ X§fpsS {]hiyIsf GsÁSp¡psaóv tdmam¡mÀ `bs¸«ncpóp. [History of Persian Empire : Anabasis, by Xenophon]

t]Àjy³ N{IhÀ¯nbmb Zmcnbqkv [Darius, the Persian Emperor] acn¨t¸mÄ ]Icw cmPmhmbn D]hnjvTam¡nb AÀ°lviãmhv [Artaxerxes] , X\ns¡Xnsc KqVmtemN\ \S¯nsbóv Btcm]n¨v Xsâ ktlmZc³ sskdkns\ [Cyrus] ImcmKrl¯nð B¡nbncpóp. AÀ°lviãmhns\ Øm\{`jvS\m¡phm³ sskdkv {Ko¡p ssk\y§sf Iqens¡Sp¯p. A§s\ Iqens¡Sp¯ {Ko¡pImÀ t]Àjy³ a®nð Pohn¡pt¼mÄ, AhÀ t\cs¯ `bóncpó t]Àjy¡mcpsS _elo\XIÄ a\Ênem¡m³ XpS§n. A§s\ t]Àjy¡mÀs¡XnscbpÅ GY³kpImcpsSbpw {Ko¡pImcpsSbpw BXy´nIamb hnPbw Zqchym]Iamb {]XymLmX§Ä Dïm¡phm³ ImcWambn. X§fpsS hnPb¯n\p thïn {Ko¡pImÀ ssZht¯mSp \µn {]ISn¸n¡póXnð \nóv AhÀ IqSpXð aX]cambn¯oÀóp. HSphnð GY³kv [Athens] hfsc k¼óhpw iàhpambn¯oÀóp. kv]mÀ« [Sparta] Hcp ]«mf tI{µambn amdn. Hcp henb _p²n{]hmlw {Ko¡v \Kc§fnte¡v HgpIm³ XpS§n. ]e _p²nPohnIfpw a\pjykvt\lnIfpw GY³kntebv¡v IpSntbdm³ XpS§n. BXy´nIambn {Ko¡v kwkvImcw temIsa¼mSpw {]Ncn¡m³ XpS§n.

{Koknð hnZym`ymk]chpw X¯zNn´m]chpw Bb hn¹hw \SóXv GY³knse tkm^nkvÁpIfpsS [Sophists] DZb¯n\v hgnsbmcp¡n. [Microsoft Encarta 2004] tkm^nkvÁpIÄ {Ko¡v s]mXp PohnX¯nð {]kwKIebpsS [Art of Speech] Adnhv hym]n¸n¡phm³ XpS§n. tkm^nkvÁpIÄ Hcp kvIqfns\¡mÄ hnimeamb X¯zimkv{X ho£W§Ä ]¦nSpó hyànIfmbncpóp. tkm^nkvÁpIÄ hnhn[ ap³ X¯zNn´IcpsS Bib§Ä {]Ncn¸n¨p. Fómð Cu ]gInb XXzNn´Isf Bkv]Zam¡nb [mcWIfpsS ASnØm\¯nð, kXyhpw kòmÀ¤nIXbpw hnhn[ a\ÊpIÄ X½nse A`n{]mb hyXymk§fpw hyànKX hnizmk§fpamsWóv Ahcnð A[nIhpw A`n{]mbs¸SpIbpw A{]Imcw D]kwlcn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. PohnX hnPb¯n\mbn, {]tXyIn¨v s]mXpPohnXw {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯póXn\v {]`mjW IebpsS {]m[m\yw AhcpsS ]Tn¸n¡eneqsS Duón¸dbphm³ XpS§n. [Background of early Christianity By Everett Ferguson] tkm^nkvÁpIÄ {][m\ambpw AeªpXncnbpóhcpw tImkvtams]mfnÁ³ [Cosmopolitan] coXnIÄ Ahew_n¡póhcpw Bbncpóp. AhÀ X§fpsS sshZKv²yw sXfnbn¡m\pw _nkn\kv t\Sm\pw s]mXp {]`mjW§Ä \S¯n.

{]kwK]mTh¯nepw bpànklPamb Nn´bnepw Ignhv sXfnbn¨v hnPbnIfmbhÀ AhcpsS NmcpXbv¡v kaql¯nð Adnbs¸Sm³ XpS§n. hyàamb sXfnhpÄs¡Xncmbn s]mXphmb Xe¯nð F§s\ Imcy§Ä hmZn¡msaóv AhÀ X§fpsS hnZymÀ°nIsf ]Tn¸n¨p. AXpsImïv AhcpsS kz´w KpW§Ä¡pw kzmÀ° Xmð¸cy§Ä¡pw A\pkcWambn hkvXpXIÄ¡v ]pXnb hymJym\§Ä \ðIphm\pw km¦ð¸nIamb hmZKXnIÄ Dóbn¡phm\pw AhÀ¡v km[n¨p. tkm^nkvÁpIÄ bpànklPamb tNmZy§Ä Dóbn¡m³ XpS§nbt¸mÄ, ssZh§fpsS AkvXnXzs¯¡pdn¨pÅ Nn´IÄ DWÀóphcpó {]hWX Dïmbncpóp. a\pjyXz¯nsâ Hcp ]pXnb ho£Ww B.C. Aômw \qÁmïnse {Ko¡v Nn´IcneqsSbmWv {]Xy£s¸«Xv. -a\pjys\ a\pjys\ó \nebnð ImWphm³ AhÀ t_m[hmòmcmbn. CXv {Ko¡v kwkvImc¯nsâ khntijamb kz`mhambncpóp. C¯cw BZÀi§fpsS sshcp²yw DbÀ¯n¡m«phm\pÅ {]hWX kv]mÀ«m, GYkpImÀ X½nepÅ sshcmKyw DSseSp¡póXp hsc XpSÀóp. CXv B`y´cbp²§¡v hgnsXfn¨p.

alm\mb AeIvkmïÀ [Alexander The Great], cm{ã§fpsS Ncn{X¯nð Xsâ {]mcw` AwKoImc¯n\v ap{Z ]Xn¸n¨Xv At\Iw ImcW§ÄsImïv, {InkvXob hnZym`ymk¯nsâ ]nð¡me¯pÅ hnIk\¯n\v hgnsbmcp¡n. ]nóoSv At±lw {Ko¡v kwkvImcs¯ Ing¡n\p ssIamÁw sNbvXp. Ime{ItaW Adnbs¸«ncpó temI¯nse Fñm cmPy§fnepw Bibhn\nab¯nsâ s]mXphmb Hcp `mjbmbn {Ko¡v `mj ]cnWan¨p. ]nð¡me¯v {InkvXpaXw {]Ncn¸n¡m³ Hcp hml\ambn [Vehicle] CXv D]tbmKn¡pIbpw hwiob hnthN\s¯ A]e]n¡pIbpw aXkzmX{´ys¯ {]Jym]n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. sbcpiteante¡v hó AeIvkmïÀ blqZaXhpambn bh\hmZ¯nsâ IqSn¡mgvNsb kqNn¸n¨p. Ábdnsâbpw KmkbptSbpw [Tyre and Gaza] D]tcm[¯n\ptijw tbdpiteanse blqZÀ AeIvkmïdns\ A`nhmZ\w sNbvXpshóv Ncn{XImc\mb tPmk^vkv ^vfhhnbkv [Josepus Flavious] km£n¡póp. [Hebrew Archeology by Josepus Flavious] B.C. 285- ð ]gb\nbaw {Ko¡nte¡v `mjm´cw sNbys¸«p. Cu {Ko¡v hnhÀ¯\amWv Ing¡pw ]Snªmdpw D]tbmKn¨ncpó Hu]NmcnI ]mTw. AeIvkmïdpsSbpw At±l¯nsâ ]n³KmanIfpsSbpw {kãnbmb AeIvkm{ïnb ]«Ww [City of Alexandria] {InkvXpaX¯nsâ Xnf§pó shfn¨¯nð Hcp {][m\ ]¦phln¨p. AeIvkmïdnsâ `cWw Hcp henb _u²nI amÁ¯n\pw hyànXz¯nsâ hÀ²\hn\pw hgn sXfn¨p. AXphsc CXc temI¯nð \nópw hn«p \nóncpó GX³kv Ct¸mÄ temIs¯ ]Tn¸n¡pó A²ym]I\mbn XpS§n. {Ko¡pImÀ HuóXyapÅ Hcp {]tXyI t{iWnbpw Hcp _u²nI hn`mKhpambn IW¡m¡s¸Sphm³ XpS§n. {Ko¡v kwkvImc¯nsâ hnimeamb {]Nmcw krãn¨ Cu kmwkvImcnIhn`mKw ]utemkns\ 'blqZòmscbpw {Ko¡pImscbpw' tdmam¡mÀs¡gpXnb teJ\¯nð, blqZ, {Ko¡v, _mÀ_dnIÄ Fó t]cnð kaÀ°n¡phm³ ImcWambn. [Rom 1:16, 14; Gal 3:28; Col 3:11]

GItZiw B.C. 200 apXð CuPn]vÁv, ^ekvXo³, kndnb, Gjy FónhnS§fnð {Ko¡v kzm[o\§Ä ]Xps¡ ]n³henbm³ XpS§nbtXmsS AhcpsS Xt±iob kwkvImc§Ä kzbw ]p\c[nhkn¡m³ XpS§n. [Alexander And Christianity By H.E. Nicholas Martis] tSmfankv X§fpsS DuÀÖw AeIvkm{ïnbbnð tI{µoIcn¨t¸mÄ, skens^¡nknsâ tI{µw At´ymIym Bbncpóp. tSmfankv [Ptolemies] AeIvkm{ïnbbnð [Alexandria] Hcp ayqknbhpw sFXnlmknI {KÙimebpw Øm]n¨p. tSmfan Bdmasâ ImeL«¯nð {KÙimebnse {KÙtiJcw 700,000 ]pkvXI§fmð kar²ambn XpSÀóp. tSmfan AeIvkm{ïnbsb {Ko¡v temI¯nsâ _u²nIhpw Bßobhpamb tI{µam¡n amÁn, CXv ]nóoSv Ncn{X¯nð AhcpsS kw`mh\bmbn. AeIvkm{ïnbbnse blqZcpw -{ssIkvXhcpamb _p²nPohnIfpsS kzm[o\w aXNcn{Xs¯ KWyambn kzm[o\n¨p. ]ekvXo³, ssk{]kv, Nne GPnb³ Zzo]pIÄ, Gjymssa\dnse Nne `mK§fpw [Palestine, Cyprus, Some Aegean islands, and parts of Asia Minor] tSmfanamcpsS \nb{´W¯nembncpóp. ]utemkpw aÁv ]e ]pXnb\nba Fgp¯pImcpw X§fpsS D²cWnIfnð kqNn¸n¨Xp, ln{_p `mjbnð \nóv {Ko¡v `mjbnte¡v AeIvkm{ïnbbnð ]cn`mjs¸Sp¯nb sk]vÁphPnâv [Septuagint] Fó thZ]pkvXI¯nð \nópamWv. {Ko¡v `mjbnð ]gb\nba¯nsâ Cu {Ko¡v ]Xn¸v Hcp A´ÀtZiob kzm[o\w sNep¯nbncpóp. AXv lo{_p {ssIkvXh hnImk¯nsâ apJyamb ^e§Ä Bbncpóp. B[p\nI ]ÞnXòmÀ¡v ssIamdnb BZys¯ tcJIfmWv AeIvkm{ïnb tImsUIvkv [Alexandrian Codex]. koeqknZv {]tZiw kndnb, Gjy FónhnS§fnse ]pcmX\amb t£{X-kwØm\§fpsS [Ancient temple-states of Syria and Asia] `mKambncpóp. BZna {ssIkvXhÀ Ncn{X¯nð skeyqknUv ^utïj\pIfnð [Seleucid foundations] GÁhpw {][m\ambXv As´ymIybmbncpóp [Antioch].

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