sFIypsa\nk¯nsâ hnhn[ hi§tfbpw e£y§tfbpw Ipdn¨pw AXv {]mhÀ¯nIam¡póXnsâ {]kànsb¸Ánbpw A`nhµy amÀ XntbmtUmjykv amÀt¯m½m sa{Xmt¸men¯ ]dªp\nÀ¯nb hmIy¯nð \nópamWv Rm³ XpS§phm³ B{Kln¡póXvv. Xncpta\n ]dªX;v AXnYn sXmgnemfnIÄ \½psS ktlmZcòmÀ BWv FópÅXmWv. F{Xtbm DóXamb Hcp ho£WamWv AXv. Ahscñmw hnhn[ kwØm\§fnð \nópw D]Poh\mÀ°w hóncn¡póhcmWv. AhÀ {InkvXym\nItfm \½psS `mj kwkmcn¡póhtcm Añ. Ahsc ktlmZc§fmbn ImWphm\pÅ kmÀÆeuIoIamb ho£Ww sFIypsa\bpsS GÁhpw t{ijvTamb BibamsWóXn\v kwibanñ. aX aXnðs¡«pIÄ¡¸pdw a\pjysc ssZh¯nð Hcpan¸n¨v tNÀ¯v ]nSn¨v ZÀin¡póXmb am\h kwkvImcw DÄs¡mÅpóXmWv sFIypsas\ Fóp ]dbpóXv Fóv vXncpta\n \½sf t_m²ys¸Sp¯pIbmWv DïmbXv.

hnip² thZ]pkvXI¯nse Nne hmIy§sf ASnØm\s¸Sp¯n sFIypan\k¯nsâ ssien F´msWóp am{Xw Npcp§nb kab¯nð ]dbphm\mbn«p BWv _elo\\mb \mw B{Kln¡póXv. AXv hnip² a¯mbn Çolm FgpXnb kphntij¯nsâ Ggmw A²ymbw ]{´ïmw hmIyw BWv. \ap¡v kp]cnNnXamb thZ`mKamWv. AtX thZhmIyw hnip² eqt¡mknsâ kphntijw Bdmw A²ymbw ap¸¯nsbmómw hmIy¯nepw \mw ImWpóp. "a\pjyÀ \n§Ä¡p sNt¿Ww Fóp \n§Ä CÑn¡póXp Hs¡bpw \n§Ä AhÀ¡pw sNbvho³; \ymb{]amWhpw {]hmNIòmcpw CXp Xtó.' (hnip² a¯mbn 7:12) "a\pjyÀ \n§Ä¡p sNt¿Ww Fóp \n§Ä CÑn¡póXp t]mse Xtó AhÀ¡pw sNbvhn³.' (hnip² eps¡mkv 6:31) IÀ¯mhmb tbip{InkvXphnsâ Cu D]tZiw Hcp kmÀÆ euInI {][m\yapÅ Hcp ]mTamWv. AhnsS {][m\ambn {]t_m[n¸n¡póXv \n§fpsS ktlmZc§sftóm {InkvXym\nIsftóm Dt±in¨n«ñ. a\pjyscóp ]dbpó ssZh¯nsâ krjvSnbnepÅ Fñmhsc¡pdn¨pw Dt±in¨mWv. AXmWv sFIpsas\bpsS kmÀÆeuInI ho£Ww. AXv \ap¡v t_m²yamIpó coXnbnð DÅ hm¡pIÄ F§s\bmWv bmYmÀ°yam¡phm³ IgnbpóXv Fóv Nn´nt¡ï Hcp kabamWv CXv Fóv Rm³ IcpXpóp.

Cu thZ`mKs¯¡pdn¨v thZ]pkvXI ]TnXm¡Ä hniZambn ]Tn¨Xn\ptijw ]dbpó Hcp Imcyapïv. This is the golden rule of Christianity FóXmWv AXv. asÁmcnS¯v ]dbpóXv: This is the everest of ethics FómWv. tbiphnsâ Hcp kphÀ® \nbaw. [À½imkv{X¯nsâ sImSpapSn. kÀÆ a\pjytcbpw Hcp hoSnsâ DÅnepÅ ka`mh\bpÅ ho£W¯nsâ Nn´bmWv tbip ]dbpóXv. AXpsImïmWv kÀÆcpw CXns\ IÀ¯mhnsâ ]ÀÆX {]kwK¯nsâ D¯pwK t{iWnbnse {iotImhnð Fóv ]dbpóXv.

blpZòmcptSbpw aÁp aX§fptSbpw ZmÀi\nI ho£W¯nð a\pjysâ PohnXssienbnð aÁpÅhcpambpÅ _Ôw Du«nbpd¸n¡pó At\I sNdnb hmIy§Ä Dïv. blqZòmcpsS lntñð Fó Hcp dmºn: At±lt¯mSv Hcp a\pjy³ tNmZn¨p \ymb{]amW¯nsâ cXv\¨pcp¡w F´mWv? At±lw ]dbpóp: \n\¡v shdp¸p tXmópó {]hÀ¯n BtcmSpw sN¿cpXv. CXmWv \ymb{]amW cXv\¨pcp¡w. Hcp Negetive Emphasis Asñ¦nð Negetive Approach BWv \mw ChnsS ImWpóXv. CXp XsóbmWv km[mcW aX§fnseñmw \mw ImWpóXv. ]gb\nba¯nse tXm_n¯nsâ ]pkvXI¯nð \memw A²ymb¯nsâ ]Xn\ômw hmIy¯nð ]dbpóp; What you yourself hate do not do to any one. \o shdp¡pó {]hÀ¯n BtcmSpw sN¿cpXv Fóp ]dbpóXv blqZt\mSv sN¿cpsXópw aÁpÅhtcmSv BImsaópw Añ. BtcmSpw sN¿cpsXóp ]dªmð Hcp¯tcmSpw sN¿cpXv. Hcp Negetive approach BWv \mw ChnsSbpw ImWpóXv. FenbmkÀ Fóp ]dbpó Hcp blqZ dm_ntbmSv tNmZn¨p; Fsâ Iq«pImc\pambpÅ klhÀ¯nXz¯nsâ ASnØm\ \nbaw F´mWv? At±lw ]dª D¯cw: The honor of thy friend be as dear unto thee as thine own. \nsâ kvt\lnXsâ _lpaXn \n\¡pÅXpt]mse Bbncn¡s«. AXnð Hcp Ipdhpw hcp¯cpXv. \nsâ kvt\lnX\mbncn¡póh³ \n\¡v F´p _lpaXn Xcpópthm AXpt]mse Bbncn¡Ww Aht\mSpw sNt¿ïXv.

CXv Xsó \½Ä k¦oÀ¯\¯nepw hmbn¡pópïv: "\mhpsImïp Ipcf ]dbmsXbpw Xs³d Iq«pImct\mSp tZmjw sN¿msXbpw Iq«pImc\p A]am\w hcp¯msXbpw Ccn¡póh³;' (k¦oÀ¯\§Ä 15:3) A§s\ sN¿póh\mWv btlmhbpsS IqSmc¯nð hkn¡póXv. btlmhbpsS hnip² ]ÀÆX¯nð ]mÀ¡póXv BcmsWómWv k¦oÀ¯\¡mc³ ChnsS ]dbpóXv. AXp hm¡p sImtïm {]hÀ¯nsImtïm a\Ênse Nn´sImtïmt]mepw Iq«pImc\v A]am\w hcp¯cpXv. I¬^yqjyknsâ Hcp injy\mbncpó BÄ At±lt¯mSv tNmZn¨p BcmWv Fsâ kvt\lnX³? B kvt\lnXt\mSv Fsâ kao]\w F´mbncn¡Ww? a\pjyhÀ¤s¯ apgph\mbn DÄs¡mïpsImïpÅ Hcp tNmZyamWv CXv. tNmZyw C{]ImcamWv. Is there one word which may serve as the rule of practice for all one's life? a\pjy PohnXssien¡v GIamb Hcp {]amWw F´mWv? I¬^yqjykv AXn\p adp]Sn ]dbpóXv C{]ImcamWv: What ever you do not want to be done to yourself should not be done to others. \ntómSv Bcpw sN¿cpsXóv \o B{Kln¡póXv \o BtcmSpw sN¿cpXv.

CXp XsóbmWv, AXnsâ AÀ°¯nð Ctkm{IÁkv ( Isocrates, the great ancient Greek rhetorician ) Fóp t]cpÅ {Ko¡p hmKvan ]dªn«pÅXv. Do not do to others the things which make you angry when you experience them in hands of others. Ctkm{IÁkv ASna k{¼Zmbt¯bpw ASna hym]mct¯bpw FXnÀ¯ Bfmbncpóp. At±lw Xsâ kvt\lnXtcmSv ]dbpó Hcp ImcyamWv. ASnaIsf D]{Zhn¡pó Hcp ImeL«ambncpóp AXv. \o Cãs¸Sm¯ IãX BÀ¡pw hcm³ \o B{Kln¡cpXv. Bcpw Cãs¸Sm¯ Hcp IãXbmWv ASna¯w. a\pjyscñmhcpw ssZh¯nsâ krãnbmWv ]nXmhmb ssZhw krãn¨ a\pjyscñmhcpw ktlmZc§fmWv. B ktlmZc§fnð thÀXncnhv hcp¯póXv \½psS _elo\XbmWv. B _elo\Xbv¡v AXoXambn hfcphm³ \ap¡p IgnbWw. B ho£W¯nepw ImgvN¸mSnepamWv AYnXn sXmgnemfnIsf ktlmZc§fmbn ImWphm³ \ap¡v km[n¡póXv. Ahsc¡pdn¨v \½psS a\Ênð Dïmtb¡mhpó A[a Nn´bpw bPam\¯ at\m`mhhpw amÁn Ahsc kvt\ln¡WsaómWv tbip \s½ ]Tn¸n¡póXv.

kvtÁmbnIvkv ( Stoics ) Fóp ]dbpó ZmÀi\nI kaqlw \ðInbncpó ASnØm\ {]amWw: What you should not wish to be done to you, do not do towards anyone else. alm\mb AeIvkmïÀ N{IhÀ¯n At±l¯nsâ Aca\bpsS `n¯nbnð Cu hmIyw adópt]mImsX Fópw HmÀ½n¡m³ FgpXn sh¨ncpóp. Aca\bnð \nóv Cd§pt¼mgpw Ibdpt¼mgpw hmbnt¨mÀ½nt¡ïXn\p thïnbmbncpóp AXv. sslµh XXz§fnepw _p² D]tZi§fnepw CXp Xsó ]dbpópïv. Bdv imkv{X§fpw ka{Kambn FgpXnbncn¡pó \oXnkmcw ( Essence of Morality/A treatise on ethics ) Fódnbs¸Spó [mÀ½nI PohnX¯n\pÅ aqea{´ kamlmc¯nse cïmas¯ tÇmIw C{]ImcamWv:

{iqbXmw [À½kÀÆkzw
{ipXzm ssNh hnNmcyXmw
Bß\: {]XnIqem\n
]tcjmw \ kamNtcXv.

[À½¯nsâ kmckÀÆkzs¯ ]dbmw. AXp {ihn¨n«v AXns\¡pdn¨v hnNmcn¨mepw. Ah\h\v hntcm[apÅ Imcy§sf A\ytcmSpw BNcn¡cpXv.

sFIypsas\bneqÅ a\pjy_Ô§psS PohnXssien Hcp s\KÁohv kao]\¯nð Negetive approach BWv Chscñmw ]dbpóXv. AcpXv, AcpXv, AcpXv. ]¯p Iev]\Ifnepw AcpXv, AcpXv FómWv ]dbpóXv. Fómð IÀ¯mhmb tbip{InkvXp ]dbpóXv AcpXv FópÅXñ; F´p sN¿WsaóXmWv. \ntjImßI kao]\w Negetive approach . FóXv Ft¸mgpw \½psS PohnXw kpc£nXambn \ne\nÀ¯m\pÅ D]m[nbmWv. sN¿mXncn¡pI Ffp¸amWv. AXv aX]ctam [À½]ctam Bb Hcp Imcyañ. tIhew a\pjycminbpsS \ne\nð¸n\pthïnbpÅ Hcp kmaqlnI \nbaw am{XamWv. Fómð tbip{InkvXp ]dbpóXv a\pjycmin apgph\pw PmXnaXt`Zsas\y F´p sN¿Ww FóXmWv. AXmWv Hcp \nÝnXamb ]¦v (Positive Role) Fóp ]dbpóXv. \ntj[n¡pó kao]\w ( negetive approach ) \nbaw A\pimkn¡póXmWv. Fómð tbip{InkvXphnsâ, "F´p sN¿Ww' Fó DZvt_m[\¯nsâ ASnØm\w \nbaañ, kvt\lamWv.

kvt\lw ASnØm\am¡nsb¦nð am{Xsa sNt¿ïXv sN¿phm³ km[n¡bpÅp. aÁpÅhsc D]{Zhn¡cpXv FóXnt\¡mÄ aÁpÅhÀ¡v Fómð IgnbpósXñmw sNbvXpsImSp¡pI FóXmWv kvt\lw \s½ \nÀºÔn¡póXv. F\n¡v BcptSbpw Hópw thï; Rm³ BÀ¡pw Hópw sImSp¡pIbpanñ. Rm³ Btcbpw D]{Zhn¡pónñ; Bcpw Ftóbpw D]{Zhn¡cpXv. CXv \ñ Hcp Bibambn ]et¸mgpw \ap¡v tXmómdpïv. AXv A\phÀ¯nt¡ï Hcp \nbaw am{XamWv. DZmlcWambn \mw hïntbmSn¨p t]mIpt¼mÄ A]ISw Hópw Dïm¡msX, BÀ¡pw ieyapïm¡msX HmSn¡WsaóXv \nbaamWv. Fómð B kab¯v A]IS¯nð apdnthÁv AicW\mbn hgnbnð InS¡pó Hcp a\pjys\ hïnbnð IbÁn Bip]{Xnbnð F¯n¡póXv kvt\lapsï¦nte \S¡pIbpÅp. AXv \nbaw A\pimkn¡pó Hcp _m²yXbñ. F\n¡pÅXmb kzt¯m hkvXp¡tfm F\n¡p e`n¡pó i¼ftam BÀ¡pw sImSpt¡ïXmb \nba]camb _m²yXbnñ. Fómð \nsâ ktlmZcs\ \nsót¸mse kvt\ln¡Wsaóv ]dbpt¼mÄ \ap¡pÅsXms¡bpw ktlmc\p ]¦p shbv¡phm³ \nbaw A\pimkn¡pónsñ¦nepw kvt\lw A\pimkn¡póp.

\memw \qÁmïnse k`m]nXmhmbncpó ssIkcybnse hnip² _tkentbmkv kaql k\ymk¯n\v ASn¯d ]mInb ]nXmhmWv. k\ymknIÄ Hcpan¨v Xmakn¨v Hcpan¨v `£Ww Ign¨v Hcpan¨v Bcm[n¡póXmb Hcp kaql k\ymk {]Øm\w. Aós¯ Ime¯v [mcmfamb IrjnØe§fpïmbncpóp. AhnsS k\ymknIÄ Xsó Irjn sNbvXmWv AhÀ D]Poh\w Ign¨ncpóXv. Fómð skâv t_knð sNbvXXv sXm«Sp¯pÅ {Kma§fnð t]mbn FhnsSsbñmw ]mhs¸« BfpIÄ Xmakn¡póptïm AhnS§fnð Bcpw Bhiys¸SmsX Iqensbmópw hm§msX kuP\yambn Irjn sNbvXv hnfshSp¯v AhÀ¡v sImSp¯ncpóp.

sFIypsas\ bmYmÀ°yamIWsa¦nð XymKw ( Sacrfice ) A\nhmcyamWv. PohnX¯nsâ henb Hcp {]amWamWv AXv. Ið¡«mbnse sXcphoYnIfnð Bcpw {i²n¡s¸SmsX InSó IpjvTtcmKw ]nSn¨ Ipªp§sf {i²n¡phm³ kz´w PohnXw sacrifice sNbvX aZÀ sXsck FñmhÀ¡pw D¯a amXrIbmWv. aZdnsâ {]hÀ¯nIÄ `mcX¯nsâ Hcp kwkvImcambn amdn. Akoknbnse {^m³knkv Dcphn«ncpó Hcp {]mÀ°\ C{]ImcamWv. kvt\ln¡s¸SpóXnt\¡mÄ kvt\ln¡póXn\pw, a\Ênem¡s¸SpóXnt\¡mÄ a\Ênem¡póXn\pw, Bizkn¡s¸SpóXnt\¡mÄ Bizkn¸n¡póXn\pw, F\n¡v CSbmIWsa. IÀ¯mhv ]dª AtX hm¡pIfnð \nóv Dcp¯ncnbpó hmNI§fmWv Chsbñmw. Rm³ ip{iqjn¡s¸Sphm\ñ ip{iqjn¡phm\pw At\IÀ¡v thïn Pohs\ adphnebmbn sImSp¡phm\pambn«mWv hóncn¡póXv. hnip² ]utemknsâ {]kwK¯nð IÀ¯mhnsâ Cu hN\w Duón ]dbpópïv. "C§s\ {]bXv\w sNbvXp {]m]vXnbnñm¯hsc klmbn¡bpw, hm§póXns\¡mÄ sImSp¡póXp `mKyw Fóp IÀ¯mhmb tbip Xm³ ]dª hm¡p HmÀ¯p sImÄIbpw thïXp Fóp Rm³ Fñmw sImïpw \n§Ä¡p Zrãm´w ImWn¨ncn¡póp.' (As¸m: {]hr¯nIÄ 20:35) hgnbnð InSóp In«nbtXm, \n[n Ipgns¨Sp¯p In«nbtXm am{Xw kw`mh\ sN¿phm\ñ IÀ¯mhv ]dbpóXv. \nsâ {]bXv\w sImïv Dïm¡pósXñmw, \n\¡p e`n¡pósXñmw Bhiy¡mc\p IqSn ]¦p sh¡WsaómWv IÀ¯mhv ]Tn¸n¡póXv.

\nsót¸mse \nsâ ktlmZct\bpw kvt\ln¡ Fó ssZhIð¸\ {]mhÀ¯nIam¡pt¼mgmWv ssZhw Dt±in¡pó sFIpsas\ Asñ¦nð ssZh`h\w kw`mhyamIpóXv. sbcntlmbnse hgnbcnInð apdnthÁpInSó a\pjys\ ip{iqjn¡Wsaóv Hcp \nbahpw ]dbpónñ FóXpsImïv \ymb{]amW ]ÞnXcmb tehy\pw ]ptcmlnX\pw ISópt]msb¦nepw \ymb{]amW ]cnÚm\anñm¯ iacnbm¡mc³ Xsâ ktlmZct\mSpÅ kvt\l¯nsâ \nÀºÔ¯mð kzbw e`n¡Wsaóv B{Kln¨Xv Ah\p sNbvXpsImSp¯p. CXmWv FIypsa\nk¯nsâ bYmÀ°hpw {]mhÀ¯nIhpamb s]mcpÄ. ssZhw \s½ Ghtcbpw A\p{Kln¡s«.