{InkvXobXbqw AXpambn _Ôs¸« {InkvXobhnZym`ymkhpw \kdmb\mb tbiphnt\msSm¸w XpS¡w Ipdn¨p. c£I\mb tbiphnsâ ]ckyip{iqj Imew, At¸mkvtXmenI Imew, At¸mkvtXmenI Imetij bpKw [Sub-Apostolic Era] , ITn\amb kwL«\¯nembncpó {InkvXob k`bpsS BZyImeL«w Fónh DÄs¡mÅpó, GItZiw apóqdv BZna iZm_vZ§fnse, {InkvXob hnZym`ymk¯nsâ Ncn{Xhpw coXnIfpw AhtemI\w sN¿póXn\pÅ Hcp Ffnb {iaamWv Cu teJ\]c¼cbneqsS \S¯nbn«pÅXv. Cu ImeL«¯n\ptijamWv {InkvXobk`bv¡v \nba]camb AhImiw e`n¡pIbpw ]oV\§fnð\nópw tamN\w e`n¡pIbpw sNbvXXv. {InkvXob anjsâ Ncn{X¯nse hnhn[ ImeL«§Ä IW¡nseSp¡pt¼mÄ, AXv hfsc {][m\s¸« cïp ImeL«§Ä DÄs¡mÅpóXmbn ]cnKWn¡mw. BZy ImeL«w: {InkvXphnsâ PohnXw, At¸mkvtXmenI k`, AXmbXv ainlm AhXmcw apXð hnip² tbmlóm³ ÇolmbpsS acWw hscbpÅ ImeL«w. ( A.D.1-100 ) cïmw ImeL«w: {InkvXpaXhn`mKw tdma km{amPy¯nsâ ]oU\¯n³ Ignªncpó Imew; AXmbXv hnip² tbmlóm³ ÇolmbpsS acWw apXð BZy {InkvXob N{IhÀ¯nbmbncpó tIm¬kvÁssâ³ [Constantine] hscbpÅ ImeL«w. ( A.D. 100-311). IqSmsX AXnsâ ]Ým¯e {IaoIcW§fpw, k`bpsS DÛhhpw, BZyIme {InkvXob hnZym`ymk kmlnXy§fpsS hfÀ¨bpw ]cmaÀin¡m³ {ian¨n«pïv. k`sb D]{Zhn¡pIbpw, k`bpsS ssiihkwcw`s¯ XpS¨p\o¡m\pÅ `ojWn DbÀ¯pIbpw sNbvXhcpsS hnizmk§Ä¡p IogS§póXn\p ]Icw, c£I\mb tbip{InkvXphnepÅ hnizmkw Du«nbpd¸n¡phm³ X§fpsS PohnXw \ðInb càkm£nIfpsS Xnf¡w Xncn¨dnbphm\pw ]cn{ian¨n«pïv.

{InkvXpaXw {]£p_v[hpw ap³Iq«n {]hNn¡m\mIm¯Xpamb BZyIme\qÁmïpIfneqsS ISópt]mIpIbpw, Ah tcJs¸Sp¯s¸« Ncn{X¯nse GÁhpw Ahnizk\obamb IYIÄ Bbn amdpIbpw Bbncpóp. BZyIme {InkvXym\nIÄ X§fpsS Pohs\ `bóv FXncmfnIfnð\nóv kzbw c£t\SpóXn\pw Bcm[\ \S¯póXn\pw, {]mÀ°n¡póXn\pw, kzImcy `h\§fnð IqSnhóncpóp. Ncn{X¯nð bYmÀ° ]Ån sI«nS§fpsS AYhm {InkvXob tZhmeb§fpsS sXfnhpIÄ e`yambn«pÅXv 200- IfpsS a²y tijambncpóp. Cu Iã¸mSpIsfñmw Dïmbncpsó¦nepw, hnizmknIÄ ssZhoI t{]mÕml\w A\p`hn¨ncpóp. ]cnip²mßmhnsâ kmón²yw AhcpsS \ne\nð¸ntâbpw hfÀ¨bptSbpw GI clkyambncpóp.

]pXnb \nbas¯ apgph³ ssZhnI ]Tn¸n¡en\mbn«qÅ Hcp D]IcWambn IW¡m¡mw. IÀ¯mhmb tbip{InkvXp Xsâ ]ckyip{iqj Bcw`n¨ BZy\nanjw apXð, Ah³ Hcp A²ym]I\mbn Adnbs¸SpIbpw ]ecpw Ahs\ dºn Fóp hnfn¡pIbpw sNbvXncpóp. {InkvXphnsâ aX\nct]£ kaImenI\mbncpó tPmko^kv [Josephus] tbiphns\ Hcp "Úm\nbmb a\pjy\pw Kpcphpw' FómWp hntijn¸n¡póXv. "Ct¸mÄ, C¡me¯nð, tbip Fó Úm\nbmb Hcp a\pjy³, Ahs\ Hcp a\pjys\óp hnfn¡m³ \nbam\pkrX\mbncpsó¦nepw, AÛpX {]hr¯nIÄ sNbvXncpó Ah³, kt´mjt¯msS kXyw kzoIcn¡póhsct¸mse Hcp A[ym]I³.Bbncpóp.' [ "Now, there was about this time Jesus, a wise man, if it be lawful to call him a man, for he was a doer of wonderful works, a teacher of such men as receive the truth with pleasure."] tbiphnsâ ktµi§Ä ^ekvXo\nse Zcn{Zcpw hnZymlo\cpamb Ipsd blqZòmcnð ]cnanXs¸«ncpóp. At±l¯n\v kwLSnXamb Hcp hnZym`ymk ASn¯d Dïmbncpónñ. F¦nepw Xsâ ]cky ip{iqjbpsS Ipd¨p \mfpIfnð Xm\pambpÅ k¼À¡¯nð At±lw Ahsc ]cnioen¸n¡pIbpw Xsâ hm¡pIÄ¡pÅ ZqXòmcm¡n¯oÀ¡pIbpw sNbvXp. Xsâ ip{iqjbpsS Ahkm\w, Fñm temI¯nse P\XIsfbpw Xm³ ]Tn¸n¨ Imcy§Ä ]Tn¸n¡Wsaóv Ah³ Xsâ injyòmtcmSp Ið¸n¨p. Ahsâ injyòmÀ hfsc Pm{KXtbmSpw {]mKÛyt¯mSpw X§fpsS Kpcphmb tbip{InkvXphnsâ Cu Ið¸\ \ndthÁn. AhÀ¡v \ðInb Znhy]mTw temI¯n\v Hcp ]pXnb Bßmhnsâbpw ]pXnb iànbpsSbpw BhnÀ`mhw Bbncpóp.

tbiphnsâ kzÀ¤mtcmlW¯n\p tijw As¸mkvXeòmÀ k`bpsS \s«ñv Bbn amdn. hnizmk¯nsâ aqe[\w `ctað¸n¡s¸«hcmbn«mWvv Cóv Fñm {ssIkvXh k`Ifpw ]mc¼cyhpw As¸mkvXeòmsc ImWpóXv. tbip{InkvXphnsâ XncsªSp¯ A¸kvtXmeòmcpw tbiphnsâ BZyIme A\pbmbnIfpw X§sf Xsó Hcp ]pXnb aXtam blqZaX¯nð\nóv thÀs]« Iq«tam Bbn cq]oIcn¡póXmbn ImWpónñ. tbip {InkvXphnsâ euIoI thÀ]mSn\ptijw GXm\pw hÀj§Ä Ignªt¸mÄ Ahsâ A\pKmanIÄ blqZ kapZmb¯n\I¯v Xsó XpSÀóp. AhÀ kn\tKmKnð [ synagogue ] kPohcmbncpóp. tbiphmWv, X§Ä At\I Ime§fmbn Im¯ncn¡pó aninlmbpw c£nXmhpw Fóv AhcpsS klblqZòmtcmSp km£oIcn¨p. At¸mkvXe\mb ]utemkv tbiphnsâ BZy ]{´ïp At¸mkvXeòmcnð Hcmfmbncpónsñ¦nepw {InkvXphn\pthïn Fñm Imet¯¡pw {]hÀ¯n¨ncpó alm\mb anj\dnbpw A[ym]I\pambncpóp. ]utemknsâ kphntijthebpsS amXrI, kn\tKmKpIfnð, sXcphpIfnð, amÀ¡Áv, Actbm]Kkv [ Areopagus] , amÀkv lnðkv [ Mars Hills] IqSmsX FhnsSsbñmw tIÄhn¡msc In«ptam AhnsSsbñmw {]kwKn¡embncpóp.

hnizmk¯nsâ kmÀÆeuInIXsb atÁXns\¡mfpw sa¨ambn a\Ênem¡m³ ]utemkv k`sb klmbn¨p. Ime{ItaW, X§Ä bqZbmk¯nð \nóv hyXykvXamb Hcp kaqlamsWópÅ Xncn¨dnhv {InkvXphnsâ A\pbmbnIÄ¡nSbnð hfÀ¯nsbSp¡phm³ hnip² ]utemknsâ DZvt_m[\§Ä¡v km[n¨p. BZy \qÁmïnse At¸mkvtXmenI ip{iqjbpsS BZy^e§fmbncpó k`m]nXm¡òmÀ cïmw \qÁmïnse {InkvXob hnZym`ymk¯nsâ \ndIpS§fmbn \ndªp\nóp. Cu ]pXpk`mt\Xm¡Ä ]nð¡me ]oU\¯nsâbpw càkm£nXz¯nsâbqw Imebfhnð ]nSn¨p\nð¡phm³ X§fpsS hnizmk ZrVXbnð iàn Isï¯n. IqSmsX {InkvXym\nIÄ¡v aX{`m´cnepw hnizmkhn]coXnIfnepw \nópÅ shñphnfnIsfbpw t\cntSïnhóp. Cu k`m]nXm¡òmcpsS cN\IÄ tbip{InkvXphnsâ km£y¯nð ]pXpXmbn aX]cnhÀ¯\w sNbvX hn`mK§fpsS BZyIme B\pIqeysaó \nebnð F¡met¯¡pw \ap¡mbn«pw ]IÀóp Xóp. {InkvXob hnZym`ymk¯nsâ Ncn{Xw k`bpsS hfÀ¨bv¡pw hnImk¯n\pw Hcp Ahn`mPy LSIambn amdn. adn¨pw k`bpsS {ZpZKXnbnepÅ hfÀ¨ {InkvXobhnZym`ymk¯nsâ kXzc hfÀ¨bv¡pw ImcW`qXambn¯oÀóp.

]mÝmXy ]ucmWnIXbv¡v Adnbs¸Spó GÁhpw henb km{amPyambncpóp tdma km{amPyw. saUnÁtd\nb³ [ Mediterranean] ISen\v ASp¯pÅ Fñm cmPy§fpw, Hmkv{Snbbpw [ Austria] kznÁvkÀe³Upw [ Switzerland] , s\XÀemâvknsâ [ Netherlands ] Hcp `mKw, s_ðPnbw [ Belgium ] , ]Ýna PÀ½\n [ West Germany ] , lwKdn [ Hungary ] , _ÄtKdnb [ Bulgaria ] , sdmam\nb [ Romania ] , Cw¥ïv [ England ] , sNt¡mÉmhmIy [ Czechoslovakia ] , shbnðkv [ Wales ] , ktX¬ kvtIm«vem³Uv [ Southern Scotland ] FónhnS§fnð henb `mKhpw tdmam km{¼mPy¯nð DÄs¸«ncpóp. NnXdnt¸mb blqZ kaql§Ä km{amPy¯nð DS\ofw IpSntbdn ]mÀ¯ncpóp. k`bpsS BZys¯ {][m\ Ncn{XImc\mb bqkn_nbkv [ Eusebius ] ]nXmhnsâ Fgq¯pIfn³ {]Imcw, {ItaW blqZòmÀ sbcpiteanse {InkvXym\nIsf ]oUn¸n¡pIbpw ]ecpw sbcpitew hn«v km{amPy¯nsâ hnZqc {]hniyIfnte¡p ]memb\w sN¿pIbpw sNbvXp. AXn\pw D]cnbmbn, A.D. 66 se tdmam¡mÀs¡Xncmb blqZ Iem]hpambn _Ôs¸« kw`h§Ä Cu ]memb\ ]cnhÀ¯\§Ä¡v B¡w Iq«n. At¸mkvtXmeòmcpsS, {]tXyIn¨pw hnip² ]utemkv At¸mkvtXmesâ al¯mb ZuXyw, AXncpIÄ¡¸pdw Hcp kaqlhpw Hcp IpSpw_hpw krãn¨p. km{amPy¯nse¼mSpapÅ hnizmkn ktlmZc§Ä PmXn aX `mj t`Zsas\y Ahsc kzmKXw sNbvXp. sshhn[yamÀó P\§fpsS C{]ImcapÅ Hcp Bßob sFIyX kvt\lakrWamb Hcp Iq«mbva¡pw kaql¯n\pw hgnsbmcp¡n.

B[p\nI bpK¯nse kaImenI k`IÄ BkzZn¡póXqt]msebpÅ {InkvXob hnZym`ymk¯nsâ ssZhimkv{X]camb Hcp {IaoIcWhpw BZna {InkvXym\nIÄ¡v Dïmbncpónñ. ]pXpXmbn tNÀ¡s¸« hnizmknIfpsS {][m\ IÀ¯hyw AhcpsS hnizmk¯nð \ne\nð¡m\pw B hnizmk¯nð X§fpsS Ip«nIsf kwc£n¡m\pw thïn Bbncpóp. AXnPoh\¯n\mbpÅ ss[cyw DÄs¡mtÅï Hcp bpKambncpóp AXv. kmlnXy¯nt\m IeIÄt¡m euIoI BkzmZ\§Ät¡m GsX¦nepw ssZhimkv{X]cn]mSnIÄ¡pamtbm AhÀ kabw Isï¯nbncpónñ. BZna k`bnð Hcp {InkvXym\nbmbn amdpI FóXv kzImcyamb Xocpam\ambncpónsñ¦nepw, AXv Hcp hyàn]camb Xocpam\ambncpóp. Hcp {InkvXym\nbmbn¯ocpIsbómð, {Iaambn Iïpap«pó Hcp Iq«¯nsâ `mKamIpIsbóXmbncpóp AXnsâ e£yw.

BZy Xeapd apXð {InkvXym\nIÄ Hóñ, blqZòmcpw {Ko¡pImcpw, Fó cïv kmlnXy kwkvImc§fnð thcqónbncpóp. Cu cïp kwkvImc§fnepw \ne\nóncpó aqeyh¯mb ]T\coXnbpw ]T\hpsañmw ImcWw AhcpsS lrZb§fnð ssZh§sf¡pdn¨pÅ Nn´m[mcIÄ cq]s¸«n«pïmbncpóp. {Ko¡nð tkm{I«okv [Socrates] , t¹tÁm [Plato] , AcnkvtÁm«nð [Aristotle] , kvtÁmbn¡vkv [Stoics] , F¸n¡qcykv [Epicureans] FónhÀ Dïmbncpóp. CtX Ime¯pïmbncpó blqZòm¡v F{km [Ezra] , k`m{]kwKn [Ecclesiastes] , kndm¨v [Sirach] , itemtamsâ Úm\¯nsâ Fgp¯pImc³ [Writer of Wisdom of Solomon] apXembhÀ Dïmbncpóp. {InkvXobhnZym`ymk¯nsâ Ncn{Xw sl{_mbÀs¡m¸w Bcw`n¡póp FóXv hfsc hyàamWv. BZna {InkvXym\nXz¯nsâ ]e ]Tn¸n¡epw Cu Imebfhnð aÁv aX§fnð kam´cambn \ne\nóncpóp, Fómð {InkvXym\nXz¯nse XnI¨pw AXpeyamb Hóv {InkvXp Fó hyànbmbncpóp. BZna {InkvXym\nIÄ¡v tbip{InkvXp Hcp ]Tn¸n¡ent\¡mÄ D]cnbmbncpóp. Ah³ AhcpsS CSbnð XpSÀópw Pohn¨ncn¸pïmbncpóp, Fñmbvt¸mgpw e`yambncpóp, AhcpsS {]mÀ°\IÄ tIÄ¡pIbpw BhiyapÅ kab§fnð ss[cyhpw iànbpw \ðIpIbpw sNbvXncpóp.

BZna k`bpsS kmlnXy§Ä {]tNmZnXcmb Fgp¯pImcmð FgpXs¸« AXyp¯aamb aqey§Ä DÄs¡mÅpó IrXnIfmbncpóp. kaImenI kmlnXyImcòmtc¡mÄ {InkvXob Fgp¯pImÀ Úm\nItfm _p²namòmtcm Bbncpónñ. Fómð AXv Fñmbvt¸mgpw ]cnip²mßmhnsâ D¨mcWw Bbn DbÀ¯s¸«ncpóp. \mep kphntijIòmÀ {InkvXphnsâ D]tZi§fpsS kvamcI iànbmb \mev kphntij§Ä k`bv¡v ssIamdn. {InkvXym\nIÄ {]Ncn¸n¨ hnZym`ymk ktµiw hfsc k¦oÀ®hpw AKm[hpw Bbncpóp. ap³Ime \qÁmïpIfnse BZchpÅXpw GÁhpw anI¨Xpamb X¯zNn´IÄ¡v A¸pdt¯¡v kphntij§Ä ssZhs¯ shfns¸Sp¯nbncn¡póp Fóv temIs¯ a\Ênem¡phm³, k`bpsS GÁhpw {]_p² a\ÊpIÄ A£oWw {]bXv\n¨ncpóp.

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