]pcmX\ {Ko¡v aX§Ä:
]pcmX\ {Ko¡v aX§Ä aÁp ]pcmX\ aX§sft¸mse Xsó _lpssZhhnizmk kz`mhapÅXmbncpóp. Hóne[nIw ssZh§tftbm ssZhoIXItftbm hnizkn¡pItbm Bcm[n¡pItbm sN¿póXmWv _lpssZhhnizmkw. tZhòmÀ X§fpsS cmPy¯n\v kwc£Ww \ðIpópshópw i{Xp¡fnð \nóv Ahsc kwc£n¡psaópw {Ko¡pImÀ hnizkn¨p. ]pcmX\ {Ko¡p aX¯nð aXhpambn _Ôs¸Sp¯n `àP\§Ä ]ment¡ï hnizmk{]amW§tfm [mÀ½nI hyhØItfm Dïmbncpónñ. ]oV\§fpw IãXIfpw {]bmk§fpw Cñm¯ PohnXw \bn¡m³ AhÀ tZhòmsc {]oXns¸Sp¯m³ {ian¨p. `qcn`mKw ]pcmX\ aX§fpsSbpw kmcmwiw IÀ½§fpsS ØntcmÕmlambncpóp, Cu temI¯nse AÚmX iànIfpambn k´peamb _Ôw \ne\nÀ¯pó {]{Inbbmbn AXns\ IW¡m¡s¸Spóp. km[mcW Bcm[\meb§Ä ]pWyØe§fnð Bbncpóp F¦nepw, an¡ hoSpIfnepw IpSpw_t£{Xw Dïmbncpóp. ]pcmX\ {Ko¡v aX¯nð ]ptcmlnX hÀ¤w Dïmbncpónñ. km[mcW `àP\§Ä Xsó ]qPbpw bmKhpw IÀ½§fpw AÀ¸n¨ncpóp. kaql¯nse Hcp {]tXyI hn`mK¯nðs]«hÀ am{Xsa A\zjIÀ¡v `mhn {]hNn¡póhcmbn \Sn¨v {]hÀ¯n¨ncpópÅp [Sooth Sayers] . kzbw ip²oIcW¯n\pw At]£IÄ¡pambn bmK§fpw XymK§fpw ImWn¡Ifpw hmKvZm\w sNbvXncpóp. bmKw \S¯msX tZhXtbmSv At]£n¡póXv DNnXambncpónñ.

slñ\nkvÁn¡v tdma³ ImeL«¯nse aXNn´IÄ tlmadnsâ CXnlmk§sf ASnØm\am¡nbpÅXmWv. tlmadn¡v Nn´IÄ {Ko¡v hnZym`ymkw, kwkvImcw, aXw FónhbpsS hnImk¯nð hfscb[nIw kzm[o\w sNep¯n. tlmadn¡v Nn´IÄ IpSpXð atXXcambncpópsh¦nepw {Ko¡p P\XbpsS aX]cX Øm]n¡póXnð AXn\v henb Øm\apïmbncpóp. Hfn¼nIvknð {]thi\w t\Snb {Ko¡p hocòmÀ tZhòmcpsS ]Zhnbnte¡v DbÀ¯s¸«p. \mbIcmbn amdnb ImkvÁÀ, s]mfIvkv, UtbmkvIpcn [Castor, Pollux, Dioscuri] XpS§nbhÀ ISð bm{X¡nsS X§fpsS kwc£Icmbn \mhnIÀ¡nSbnð {]NpcX t\Snbncpóp. [Acts 28:11]

{Ko¡p ssZh§sf a\pjycp]¯nð hntijn¸ncpóXv, {]mb¯n\v AXoXÀ, AaÀXyÀ, GXp cq]hpw {]m]n¡m³ IgnhÅhÀ, GXp am[ya¯nepw Xpf¨pIbdm³ IgnhpÅhÀ, imcocnI AkvXnXzw Cñm¯hÀ apXemb khntijXItfmSp IqSnbmbncpóp. Nne tZhòmÀ `qanbnð \nesImÅpsaópw aÁpÅhÀ BImi¯nð hkn¡pópshópw hnizkn¡s¸Spóp. (1 sImcn. 8:5) ]pcmX\ {Koknð hfsc {]NmcapÅ tZhXIfmbncpóp AtY\ AYhm knbqkv. AtY\ Úm\¯nsâ tZhXbmbncpóp. AhÄ kobqknsâ aIfmbncpóp.

{Ko¡v atXmÕh§fnð `qcn`mKhpw ImÀjnI N{Is¯ ASnØm\am¡nbpÅXmbncpóp. hnfIÄ¡pw IópImenIÄ¡pw ^e`qbnjvTX \ðInb tZhXIfpsS _lpam\mÀ°w BtLmj§Ä \S¯n. {]hN\w, sshZyw, kwKoXw, IhnX, IópImenIfptSbpw B«n³Iq«¯nsâbpw ]cn]me\w apXembhIfnð kwc£Ww \ðInbncpó Hfn¼y³ tZhòmcnð {][m\s¸« Hcmfmbncpóp At¸mtfm. {Ko¡v P\XbpsS `qcn]£hpw aX]camb BNmc§fnð {]Xn_²XbpÅhcmbncpóp.

]pcmX\ tdma³ aX§Ä:
]pcmX\ tdmam¡mÀ X§fpsS ssZh§Ä¡v ssZ\wZn\ PohnX¯nð henb kzm[o\apsïóv hnizkn¨p. {Ko¡v ]pcmW ssZh§fnð \nóv hyXykvXambn, tdma¡mÀ¡v Bßob cq]¯nð ssZh§fpïmbncpóp. AhcpsS `uXnIk¼¯n\pw ]cn{ia¯n\pw tað B[n]XyapÅ At\Iw Bßm¡fnð AhÀ hnizkn¨p. kz´w BßoI ssZh§Ä Dïmbncpón«pw, tdmam¡mÀ aÁp {]tZi§fnð\nóv, {]tXyIn¨v {Koknð\nóp A\yssZh§sf Cd¡paXn sNbvXv AhcpsS Xt±iob ssZh§fpambn _Ôs¸Sp¯n. km{amPyw hym]n¨tXmsS, CuPn]vXnð \nópw {_n«\nð \nópw PÀ½\nbnð \nópw t]Àjybnð \nópw IqSpXð ssZh§sf AhÀ Cd¡paXnsNbvXp.

{Ko¡v aX¯nð \nóv hyXykvXambn, tdma³ aXw IqSpXð kwLSnXambncpóp. \nbpàcmb ]ptcmlnXòmÀ BNmc§fpw A\pjvTm\§fpw \S¯n. B{Kln¨hcpsS t\«¯n\pw AkpJIcamb Imcy§fpw kw`h§fpw Hgnhm¡póXn\pw bmK§Ä hmKvZm\w sNbvXv AÀ¸n¨ncpóp. ap³Iq«n X¿mdm¡nb hnip² {KÙ§fnð \nóv A\pjvTm\§fnepw BNmc§fnepw ]mcmbWw sNbvXncpóp. NS§pIÄ XpS¡w apXð Ahkm\w hsc IrXyambXpw hniZambXpamb Ipdn¸Sn D]tbmKn¨v \nba]cambpw IrXyambpw icnbmbncn¡WsaóXv \nÀºÔambncpóp. AXn\nSbnð Fs´¦nepw sXÁpIÄ kw`hn¨mð BNmcacymZ{]Imcw {]{Inb ]qÀ®ambpw IrXyXtbmsS Bh¯n¨p. tdmam¡m¡v iIp\¯nð hnizmkw DïmbncpóXn\mð ]ptcmlnXòmÀ IÀ½kab¯v Hcp aqSp]Sw sImïvv apJw aqSnbncpóp. tdma³ ImeL«¯nse aX¯nsâ asÁmcp {][m\ BIÀjWw N{IhÀ¯nbpsS ssZhXzambncpóp.

CuPn]vjy³ aX§Ä:
CuPn]vjy³ tZhòmÀ AhcpsS {Ko¡p, tdma³ FXnÀ`mK§fnð \nóv Xptemw hyXykvXambncpóp, ImcWw CuPn]vjy³ tZhXIfnð `qcn`mKhpw a\pjyicochpw arK§fpsS Xebpw Asñ¦nð Xncn¨pw Bbncpóp. slñ\nI temI¯nð {]Nmcw t\Sn BZcn¡s¸« Ing¡³ tZhotZhòmcnð BZyt¯XmWv CuPn]vjy³ tZhXIÄ. CuPn]vjy³ ]mc¼cy¯nð sshhn²yamÀó cïmbnc¯nð]cw tZhcq]§Ä Dïmbncpóp. \nch[n hÀj§fmbn CuPn]vjy³ aX¯nð \ne\nóncpó Nne s]mXp tZhXIfmbncpóp sFknkv, Hkncnkv, kcm]nkv [Isis, Osiris, Sarapis] Fónh. Bbnc¯nð A[nIw hÀj§Ä AXnPohn¨ sFknkv kvt\lw, a{´w, amXrXzw, Ip«nIÄ, sshZyw, kam[m\w FónhbpsS tZhX Bbncpóp. Zm¼Xyw kt´mj{]Zam¡m³ BfpIÄ Cu tZhXsb Bcm[n¡mdpïmbncpóp. sFknkns\ hnhmlw Ign¨ {]IrXnbptSbpw IrjnbptSbpw tZh\mbncpóp Hkncnkv [Osiris]. ]nóoSv DbÀóp hó kcm]nkv [Sarapis] Hkncnkntâbpw B]nkntâbpw kwtbmP\amWv.

acn¨ At\IÀ acWm\´c PohnX¯n\v AÀlcmsWópw arXicocw kwc£n¡s¸«mð am{Xsa Bßmhn\v \ne\nð¡m³ Ignbp Fópw CuPn]vÁpImÀ hnizkn¨ncpóp. arXtZlw tISpIqSmsX kq£n¡póXn\mbn Fw_man§pw a½n^nt¡j\pw [Embalming and Mummification] \S¯n. A\p_nknsâ A\p{Klt¯msS A\p_nkv ]ptcmlnXòmcmWv a½n^nt¡j³ \S¯nbncpóXv cmPmhns\ ssZhoI\mbn IW¡m¡nbncpóXn\mð ^dthmsâ arXtZl§Ä ]ncanUpIfnð \ómbn kwc£n¡s¸«p. tISmb icocw Bßmhv Xncn¨dnbnsñópw ]p\ÀPò¯n\pÅ Ahkcw \ãs¸Sp¯psaópw AhÀ hnizkn¨p.

kndnbbnse aX§Ä:
]pcmX\ kndnbbnse {][m\ ssZhambncpóp, ss__nfnð ]eXhW ]cmaÀin¨n«pÅ _mð. kndnbbnse Hmtcm ]«W¯nepw _men\pw Ahsâ `mcybv¡pw t£{X§Ä Dïmbncpóp. _mð, BImi§fnð Xmakn¨ncpó ^e`qbnjvTXbpsS sZhambncpóXpsImïv, I\m³tZi¯p\nópÅhÀ apXð ImÀjnIhr¯nbnð GÀs¸«ncpó ^n\ojyòmÀ hsc _mensâ Bcm[Icmbncpóp. aX]cambn kqcyt\mSpw N{µt\mSpw _Ôs¸«ncpó _mð AhcpsS tZi¯nsâ A[n]\mbncpóp. _mensâ Bcm[\ ]Xn\memw \qÁmïp hsc \ne\nóncpóp. ss__nfnð "s^enkvXy\mb ssZhw' Fóp hntijn¸n¨ ZmtKmsâ aI\mbn _mð IW¡m¡s¸Spóp. {]tXyIn¨v AjvtZmZv \Kc¯nð, IÀt½ð ]ÀÆX¯nð, Genbm {]hNI\mWv, Blm_v cmPmhnsâ, _mensâ iànbnepÅ hnizmks¯ A]am\n¨Xv.

]pcmX\ kndnbbnse GÁhpw {]ikvXamb Hcp ssZhambncpóp _mensâ Iq«mbvabnðs]« A¯ÀK¯nkv ( [Atargatis]). saÀsabnUvþtZhn [Mermaid-goddess] FómWv AhÀ Adnbs¸«ncpóXv. kndnbbnð \nóv Cu tZhntbmSpÅ Bcm[\ {Koknte¡pw AXn\pw ]Snªmtdm«pw hym]n¨p. ^e`qbnjvTnXbpsS tZhXbmbncpóp AhÄ. tZhXbptStbm tZhtâtbm XoÀ°mS\¯n\p t]mIpóhÀ Xe apÞ\w sNbvIbpw ]pcnIw hSn¡bpw BSpIsf _enbÀ¸n¡pIbpw sN¿pambncpóp.

]pcmX\ t]Àjy³ aXw:
{][m\s¸« ]pXnb aX Bib§fpsS Hcp {]mNo\ DdhnSambn t]Àjysb Xncn¨dnbpóp. tdma³ km{amPy¯nð {]Nmc¯nemb {][m\ t]Àjy³ tZh³ an{Xbmbncpóp. an{Xsb Bcm[n¨ncpó BcyòmÀ Cu tZhs\ C´ybnte¡pw Cdm\nte¡pw sImïpt]mhpIbpïmbn. ]mdIÄt¡m \ocpdhIÄt¡m kao]amWv an{X kt¦X§Ä ØnXn sN¿póXv. C´y³ thZ kwkvImc¯nð an{X, hcpW\pambn ASp¯ _Ôw ]peÀ¯nbncpóp. At±ls¯ BZnXyòmcnð Hcph\mbpw, kXykÔXbptSbpw kulrZ¯ntâbpw IcmdpIfptSbpw tZh\mbpw IcpXs¸«p. B.C. Hómw \qÁmïp apXð A.D. Aômw \qÁmïp hsc bh\þtdma³ tZh\mb an{Xmkv t]Àjy³ an{Xbpambpw aÁv t]Àjy³ Bcm[\Ifpambpw IqSnt¨Àóv HSphnð an{Xbnkw, tdma³ ssk\y¯nsâ A\utZymKnI Bcm[\bmbn amdn.

]pcmX\ blqZaXw:
temI¯nse GÁhpw ]pcmX\amb aX]mc¼cy§fnð Hópw, Cópw BNcn¡s¸SpóXpamb aXamWv PqXaXw. GIssZhs¯ am{Xw Bcm[n¡póXpw hn{Klmcm[\sb ]qÀ®ambn XÅn¡fbpóXpw Bb BZy GIssZhhnizmkamWv AXv. blqZaX¯nsâ kn²m´§fpw Ncn{Xhpw {InkvXpaX¯nsâ Ncn{X]camb ASn¯dbmWv. F{_mb ss__nfnsâ BZy Aôp ]pkvXI§fmb tXmd blqZaX¯nð bn{kmtbð a¡Ä ]n´pStcï \nch[n \nba§Ä hyàam¡póp. F{_mb ss__nfnsâ hnjbw, ssZhhpambpÅ AhcpsS _Ô¯nsâ hnhcWamWv. Ime¯nsâ Bcw`w apXð cïmw Bebw ]WnbpóXphscbpÅ AhcpsS Ncn{X¯nð CXv {]Xn^en¡póp. aX Ncn{Xw A\pkcn¨v, blqZòmÀ bnkvlm¡neqsSbpw bmt¡m_neqsSbpw t]{SnbmÀ¡v [Patriarch] Bb A{_lmansâ k´XnIfmWv. tamibpsS ktlmZc\mb Altcmsâ ]nKmanIÄ C{kmtbð kaql¯nð Hcp ]ptcmlnXhÀ¤ambncn¡Wsaóv ssZhw \nÝbn¨p. `qcn`mKw PqXòmcpw {]tXyIn¨v slñ\nIv ImeL«w apXð, X§fpsS ssZhw GIssZhamsópw AXn\mð FñmhcptSbpw ssZhamsWópw kmÀh{XnI kXy§Ä tXmdbneqsS shfns¸Spópshópw hnizkn¨p.

blqZaXw A\pkcn¨v ssZhw kÀÆià\pw kÀhÚ\pw BWv. ssZh¯nsâ bYmÀ° hm¡pIÄ Xsâ {]hmNIòmÀ apJm´cw a\pjyhÀ¤¯n\v shfns¸Sp¯n. Ahcnð apJy {]hmNI³ tami Bbncpóp. hm¡pIfpsSbpw {]hr¯nIfpsSbpw CS\ne¡mÀ CñmsX a\pjyÀ¡v ]m]§Ä¡v {]mbÝn¯w sN¿m³ Ignbpsaóv blqZaXw hnizkn¡póp. blqZ Ncn{X¯nepS\ofw blqZòmÀ AhcpsS bYmÀ° PòtZi¯p\nópw AhÀ Xmakn¨ncpó {]tZi§fnð\nópw ]e XhW \mSpIS¯s¸«p. blqZòmÀ hnhn[ cmPy§fnð ]e ImeL«§fnembn hym]n¨p InSóncpsó¦nepw AhÀ F{_mb `mjsb ]cn]men¡pIbpw IÀi\amb aX]camb hfÀ¨ ]n´pScpIbpw sNbvXp. AXpsImïv, ]ekvXo\nse blqZaXhpw Ubkvt]md PqUmbnkhpw [Diaspora Judaism] X½nð `qanimkv{X]camb sshhn[y§fñmsX aÁp `nóamb hyXymkanñ. {InkvXpaXw DÛhn¨ blqZ ]Ým¯ew CXn\Iw slñss\kv sN¿s¸«ncpóp.

blqZ kaql¯nsâ atXXc Ncn{Xhpw PqXaX¯nsâ Ncn{Xhpw X½nð hyàamb thÀXncnhv Cñ. aXw AXnsâ 4000 hÀj¯ntesd Adnbs¸Spó Ncn{X¯nð kaqlhpambn ]ckv]cw _Ôs¸«ncn¡póp. iuð cmPmhv Hcp C{kmtbð cmPyw Øm]n¨p; ]nóoSv AXv ZmhoZv cmPmhntâbpw itemtam³ cmPmhntâbpw Iognð ]n´pSÀópp. ZmhoZp cmPmhnsâ Ime¯mWv sbdpiteans\ cmPy¯nsâ XeØm\w B¡nbXv. itemtam³ cmPmhv tbcpitew \Kc¯nð BZys¯ C{kmtbð tZhmebw ]WnXp. itemtam\ptijw cmPyw, hS¡v C{ktbð cmPyw, sX¡v blqZcmPyw, C§s\ cïmbn hn`Pn¡s¸«p. B.C. F«mw \qÁmïnð Akodnb³ `cWm[nImcn jmðat\kÀ Aôma³ C{ktbð cmPyw IogS¡n. blqZòmsc km{amPy¯nse DÖze kwkvImc§fnte¡v BIÀjn¡pIbpw ]¯v \ãs¸« tKm{X§Ä Fóv Adnbs¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. B.C. Bdmw \qÁmïnð _m_ntemWnb³ ssk\yw IogS¡póXphsc blqZcmPyw Hcp kzX{´ cmPyambn \ne\nóp. itemtam³ ]WnX BZys¯ tZhmebw AhÀ \in¸n¨p. htcWycpw DóXcpw Bb blqZòmcnð ]ecpw _m_ntemWnbbnte¡v {]hmknXcmIm³ \nÀ_ÔnXcmbn. Cu A[n\nthi¯nsâ Fgp]Xv hÀj§Ä¡ptijw t]Àjy¡mÀ _m_ntemWnb ]nSn¨S¡n. (2 cmPm¡òmÀ 24þ-25) t]Àjy³ N{IhÀ¯nbmb tImscinsâ (sskdkv) `cWIme¯v _m_ntemWnb³ {]hmk¯nse blqZòmcpsS Hcp `mKhpw Akodnb³ {]hmknIfpw kz´w \m«nte¡p aS§phm³ A\phZn¨p. (2 cmPm¡òm 17) A§s\ AhÀ tbcpiteanð cïmas¯ ]pXnb tZhmebw ]WnXp. aX]camb BNmc§Ä tbcpiteanð ]p\cmcw`n¨p. (2 Zn\. 36: 22,-23 F{km 1:1-4) Fóncpómepw, blqZòmcnð ]ecpw _m_ntemWnbmbnðXsó Xmakn¡m³ Xocpam\n¨p. NneÀ CuPn]vXnte¡p IpSntbdn¸mÀ¯p. F{km \_nbpsS Ime¯v, blqZcpsS ssZhnI kaqlw F{kmbpsS t\XrXz¯nð \ymb{]amWw kzbw [ym\n¡m³ ]Tn¨p, AXn\ptijw AhÀ ]pcmX\ temI¯nse kIe cmPy§fpsSbpw D]tZãm¡òmcmbn«mWv km£nbmIpóXv. {]hmknIÄ¡nSbnð kn\tKmKpIfnð A²ym]Icmbn imkv{XnamÀ [Scribe]Fó Hcp hn`mKapïmbn.

B.C. 332þð alm\mb AeIvkmïÀ ]ekvXo³ ssIhis¸Sp¯n. AeIvkmïdns\ alm]ptcmlnX\mb PpUqh kzmKXw sNbvXXmbn blqZ Ncn{XImc\mb tPmk^kv tcJs¸Sp¯nbncn¡póp. At±l¯nsâ hcthmsS ]ekvXo\nse hmWnPyw, kÀ¡mÀ, kmlnXyw FónhbpsS `mj F{_mb `mjbnð \nópw {Ko¡v `mjbnte¡p amdn. CuPn]vÁnse Hcp ]pXnb \Kcamb AeIvkm{ïnbbnð [mcmfw PqXòmcpïmbncpóp. kndnbbpw asÁmcp {][m\ hmWnPy tI{µambn amdn, {]tXyIn¨pw At´ymJy Hcp {][m\ hym]mc tI{µambn.

A.D. 70þð tdmam¡mÀ cïmw tZhmebw \in¸n¨ ImeL«¯nð aqóv blqZ aX ZmÀi\nI hn`mK§fpïmbncpópshóv Ncn{XImc\mb ^vtfhnbkv tPmko^kv "blqZ ]ucmWnIXbpw blqZ bp²hpw' Fó At±l¯nsâ IrXnIfnð hnhcn¡pópïv. [Jewish Antiquities and Jewish Wars by Flavius Josephus] ]coiòmÀ, kZqIyÀ, Fk³kv Fónh. [Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes] ]coiòmÀ {]mYanIambn a²yhÀ¤ IpSpw_§fnð \nópÅhcmbncpóp. tamssiI \ymb{]amWw kw_Ôn¨p AhÀ Xo£vWXbpÅhcmbncpóp. Fómð kZqIyÀ s]mXpsh blqZ{]`p¡òmcnð k¼ócmbncpóp; AhÀ hfsc kt´mjt¯msS slen\nkw kzoIcn¨ncpóp. hnizmk¯nsâ ASnØm\¯nð ]coiòmcpw kZqIycpw X½nepÅ {][m\ XÀ¡w, acn¨hcnð\nópÅ ]p\cp°m\¯nepw amemJamcptSbpw, ssZhZqXòmcptSbpw, `qX§fptSbpw t]mepÅ BßPohnIfpsS AkvXnXz¯nepw ]coiòmÀ hnizkn¨pshóXmWv. kZqIyÀ AXv hnizkn¨ncpónñ. aqómas¯ hn`mKamb Fk³kv ITn\amb A¨S¡w \Sn¨p. ]pXnb \nba¯nð BZy cïp hn`mK§sf ]cmaÀin¨n«pïv, Fómð ]gb\nba¯nð Bcpw ]cmaÀin¡s¸«n«nñ. cïp Iq«cpw {InkvXphnsâ ip{iqjbpsS Ime¯v, {InkvXphns\ FXnÀ¡pIbpw, {InkvXphn\mð A]e]n¡s¸SpIbpw hn[n¡s¸SpIbpw sNbvXncpóp. IÀ¯mhnsâ aptómSnbmb kv\m]Itbmlóm³ AWen Ipªp§Ä Fóp hnfn¨v ITn\amb `mjbnð ]coiòmsc A]e]n¨ncpóp. IÀ¯mhmb tbip{InkvXphns\ ]nSnIqSm\pw ]oVn¸n¡m\pw IpcninteÁphm\papÅ ]²Xn X¿mdm¡nbXv ]coiòmcpsS _p²nbnembncpóp.

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