hnip² ]utemknsâ Hómw anjy\dn bm{Xbv¡ptijw Ipsd \mfpIÄ Ignªv, BZy t{]jI DZya¯nð AhÀ Øm]n¨ k`IÄ hoïpw kµÀin¨vv ktlmZcòmÀ F§s\bncn¡póp Fóp t\m¡Wsaóv s]utemkv _Àó_mknt\mSp \nÀt±in¨p. aÀt¡mkv Fó tbmlóms\bpw Iq«n t]mIphm³ _Àó_mkv B{Kln¨p. s]utemtkm ]w^peybnð \nóp X§sf hn«p anjy³ ]qÀ¯nbm¡msX t]mb Hcmsf Iq«ns¡mïp t]mIpóXp tbmKyañ Fóp \ncq]n¨p _Àó_mknt\mSv hntbmPn¨p. A§s\ AhÀ X½nð D{KhmZapïmbn«p thÀ ]ncnªp hyXykvX BfpIsf XncsªSp¯v hyXykvX Øe§fnte¡v t]mbn. _Àó_mkv aÀt¡mkns\ Iq«n I¸ð Ibdn Ips{]mkv Zzo]nte¡p t]mbn. s]utemtkm ioemkns\ XncsªSp¯p ktlmZcòmcmð ssIsh¸p \ðIn IÀ¯mhns³d Ir]bnð `ctaev]n¡s¸«n«p bm{X ]pds¸«p kndnb, knenkym tZi§fnð IqSn kôcn¨p k`Isf Dd¸n¨p t]móp.

hnip² ]utemknsâ klNmcnbmbncpó ioemkv ]utemknsâ teJ\§fnð ]cmaÀin¨ncn¡póXpt]mse knðhm\kv Fópw Adnbs¸Spóp. ap³ {]kvXmhn¨Xpt]mse sbdpitew kpóltZmknsâ Xocpam\w At´ymIy k`bv¡v ssIamdm³ \ntbmKn¡s¸« tbdpitew k`bnse Hcp {]apJ {]hmNI\mbncpóp ioemkv. ]nóoSv ]utemkv sXÊsem\nbÀs¡gpXnb cïv teJ\§fptSbpw klcNbnXmhmbn {]hÀ¯n¨n«pïv. ]utemknt\mSpw XnsamsYtbmkn\psam¸w sImcn´n k`bnð {]kwKn¨ncpóp. hnip² ]t{Xmknsâ BZyteJ\¯nð ioemkns\ Hcp hnizkvX ktlmZc\mbn hntijn¸n¨n«pïv. ioemkpw ]utemkns\t¸mse Hcp tdma³ ]uc\mbncpóp.

XnsamsYsbmkns³d BhnÀ`mhw:
]utemkpw ioemkpw BZy bm{Xbnð kµÀin¨v k`IÄ¡v hn¯p ]mInb sZÀºbnse¡pw ]nsó epkv{Xbnte¡pw kndnbbnse At´ymIybnð\nóv bm{X Xncn¨p. BZys¯ anjy\dn bm{Xbnð apS´s\ kuJyam¡pIbpw AXp \mSIob cwK§Ä¡v hgn sXfn¡bpw sNbvX epkv{Xbnð At¸mtg¡pw ssZhk` Xg¨p hfÀóncpóp. AhnsS hnizmkaptÅmcp sblqZkv{XobpsS aI\mbn XnsamsYsbmkv Fóp t]cpÅ Hcp injy³ Dïmbncpóp. Ahs³d A¸³ bh\\mbncpóp. Ahsâ A½ bq\o¡bpw henb½ temhokpw hfsc t\cs¯ Xsó ]cnhÀ¯\w sN¿s¸« BßmÀ°Xbpw Ir]bpw \ndª hnizmknIfmbncpóp. hninãamb kZvKpWhpw `ànbpw DÅ kv{XoIÄ Fó \nebnð hnip² ]utemkv Ccphtcbpw hfsc _lpam\t¯msS IcpXpIbpw AhcpsS Idbnñm¯ hnizmks¯ ÇmLn¡pIbpw sNbvXncpóp. {InkvXptbiphn¦epÅ hnizmk¯mð c£¡p Úm\nbm¡phm³ aXnbmb Xncpshgp¯pIsf _meyw apXð hnizkvXXtbmsS ]Tn¡pIbpw AdnIbpw sNbvX Hcp hnizmkn Bbncpóp XnsamsYsbmkvv. At±lw epkv{Xbnepw Ct¡m\ybnepapÅ ktlmZcòmcmð \ñ km£yhpw {]ikvXnbpw t\Snbncpó hyàn Bbncpóp. At±l¯n\v PòØe¯p\nópw Abð{]tZi§fnð \nópw If¦anñm¯ {]ikvXn am{Xañ, AgnaXnbnð\nóv apà\pambncpóp. XtómSpIqSn kphntijthebv¡mbn XnsamsYsbmkv hcWsaóv ]utemkv B{Kln¨p.

XnsamsYtbmknsâ A¸³ bh\³ Fóp AhnS§fnepÅ sblqZòmÀ Fñmhcpw AdnªncpóXn\mð Ahsc hnNmcn¨p Ahs\ ]cntÑZ\ Ign¸n¨p. XnsamsYtbmknsâ ]cntÑZ\sb hnip² ]utemkv Xsâ teJ\¯nð \ymboIcn¡póXv C{]ImcamWv. "sblqZòmsc t\tSïXnóp Rm³ sblqZòmÀ¡p sblqZs\t¸mse Bbn; \ymb{]amW¯n³ IogpÅhsc t\tSïXnóp Rm³ \ymb{]amW¯n³ IogpÅh³ Añ F¦nepw \ymb{]amW¯n³ IogpÅhÀ¡p \ymb{]amW¯n³ IogpÅhs\t¸mse Bbn. ssZh¯nóp \ymb{]amWanñm¯h³ BImsX {InkvXphnóp \ymb{]amWapÅh\mbncns¡ \ymb{]amWanñm¯hsc t\tSïXnóp Rm³ \ymb{]amWanñm¯hÀ¡p \ymb{]amWanñm¯hs\t¸mse Bbn. _elo\òmsc t\tSïXnóp Rm³ _elo\À¡p _elo\\mbn; GXphn[¯nepw Nnesc c£nt¡ïXnóp Rm³ FñmhÀ¡pw Fñmambn¯oÀóp. kphntij¯nð Hcp ]¦mfnbmtIïXnóp Rm³ kIehpw kphntijw \nan¯w sN¿póp.' (1 sImcn´yÀ 9:21-þ23)

hnip² ]utemkv ssIsh¸v \ðIn ssZh¯ns³d Ir]mhcw Pzen¸n¨v XnsamsYtbmkns\ X§tfmSpIqsS tNÀ¯v aXnbmb in£Ww \ðIn. sbcpiteanse As¸mkvXeòmcpw aq¸òmcpw sImSp¯b¨ {]amW§Ä ]ment¡ïXn\v ]«WwtXmdpw sNóp k`Isf klmbn¡m³ XntamsYtbmkns\ \ntbmKn¨p. A§s\ k`IÄ hnizmk¯nð Dsd¡bpw F®¯nð Znhtk\ s]cpIpIbpw sNbvXp. ssZhip{iqjbv¡pÅ \nÀt±i§Ä AS§nb cïv ]mkvÁdð teJ\§Ä hnip² ]utemkv XntamsYtbmkn\v FgpXnbn«pïv.

]utemknt\bpw kwLt¯bpw \bn¡póXnð ]cnip²mßmhnsâ kPoh CSs]Sð \nc´cw Dïmbncpóp. Ct¸mgs¯ XqÀ¡nbmb Gjyssa\dnð hN\w {]kwKn¡póXnð\nóv Bßmhv Ahsc hne¡nbncpóp. AXn\mð {^pKybnepw KemXy tZi¯nepw IqSn kôcn¨p, AhÀ apkybnð F¯n: _nYps\y¡p t]mIphm³ {ian¨p; tbiphns³d Bßmthm Ahsc k½Xn¨nñ. _nYps\y hnip² ]t{Xmknsâbpw {]hÀ¯\taJe Bbncpóp. ]t{Xmkv Xsâ BZys¯ teJ\w FgpXnbXv _nYps\ybnse hnizmknIsf¡qSn kwt_m[\ sNbvXpsImïmWv. AhÀ ]Snªmdv CuPnb³ ISensâ Xoct¯¡pw, ]nsó apky ISóp Xnct¡dnb XpdapJ \Kcamb t{Xmhmknð F¯n. Cós¯ XpÀ¡nbnse CuPnb³ ISensâ Ing¡³ Xoc¯mWv t{Xmhmkv. ]pcmX\ t{SmbnbpsS Ahinã§fnð\nóv 20 IntemaoÁÀ sX¡mWv CXv. t{Xmhmkv hsc ]utemkpw ioemkpw XntamsYtbmkpw BWv AhcpsS Iq«¯nð DïmbncpóXv. AXn\ptijw "R§Ä' Fó teJIsâ ]Z{]tbmK¯nð\nópw eqt¡mkpw AhcpsS Iq«¯nð tNÀóp Fóv A\pam\n¡mw.

as¡tZm\y kµÀi\w:
t{Xmhmknð sh¨p s]utemkv, cm{Xnbnð as¡tZm\y¡mc\mtbmcp ]pcpj³ AcnsI \nóp: \o as¡tZms\y¡p ISóp hóp R§sf klmbn¡ Fóp XtómSp At]£n¡póXmbn Hcp ZÀi\w Iïp. Cu ZÀi\w Iïn«p AhtcmSp kphntijw Adnbn¸m³ ssZhw X§sf hnfn¨ncn¡póp Fóp \nÝbn¨p, AhÀ DSs\ as¡tZms\y¡p ]pds¸Sphm³ X¿mdmbn. A§s\ AhÀ t{Xmhmknð \nóp I¸ð Ibdn t\sc ksam{Xms¡bnte¡pw ASp¯ Znhkw \hs]men¡pw AhnsS \nóp ^nen¸nbnte¡pw bm{Xbmbn. t{XmhmkvþamkntUmWnb kap{Z amÀ¤¯nð ØnXn sN¿pó, 69 NXpc{i ssað am{Xw hnkvXoÀ®apÅ Hcp {Ko¡v Zzo]mbncpóp ksams{Xkv [ Samothrace ]. hnip² ]utemkv Xsâ cïmw bm{Xbnð Hcp cm{Xn AhnsS Nnehgn¨p. CuPnb³ ISensâ hS¡³ Xoc¯pÅ amkntUmWnbmbnse ^ne¸nbnse Hcp XpdapJ ]«Wambncpóp \hs]men [ Neapolis ]. ^nen¸nbnð \nóv 10 ssað AIsebmWv Cu ]«Ww ØnXn sN¿póXv. ]utemkpw Iq«mfnIfpw Imð Ip¯nb bqtdm¸nse BZys¯ Øeambncpóp CXv.

hS¡³ {Kokpw _m𡬠D]Zzo]pw hsc hym]n¨pInS¡pó Ncn{X {][m\yapÅ Hcp {]tZiamWv a¡tZm\y Asñ¦nð amkntUmWnb [ Macedonia ]. B. C \memw \qÁmïnð alm\mb AeIvkmïdpsS `cWIme¯v temI¯nse GÁhpw henb km{¼mPyambn amkntUmWnb amdn. Xsâ ssk\nItk\sb iàns¸Sp¯póXn\mbn ^nen¸v cïma³ {Ko¡p cmPy§fpsS Hcp s^Utdj³ Hm^v tImcn´v Asñ¦nð slñ\n¡v eoKv cq]oIcn¨p. Ncn{X¯nð BZyambmWv an¡ {Ko¡v cmPy§fpw HscmÁ cm{ãob Øm]\ambn Hón¨Xv. A¡me¯v temI¯nsâ GÁhpw henb t]Àjy³ km{¼mPyw IogS¡m³ ^nen¸v cïma³ kz]v\w Iïncpóp. Fómð B. C. 336 ð amkntUmWnbbpsS XeØm\amb sFKmbnbnð Xsâ kz]v\w km£mXvIcn¡s¸SmsX At±lw sImñs¸«p. Fómð Ncn{X¯nse GÁhpw henb ssk\nI _p²nIfnsemcmfmb At±l¯nsâ aI³ AeIvkmïÀ Zn t{KÁv A[nImc¯nse¯n, ]nXmhv Bcw`n¨ tPmen ]qÀ¯nbm¡n. amkntUmWnb³ km{¼mPyw {Koknð \nóv C³Uy hsc hym]n¨p. B.C. 323 ð Cós¯ Cdm¡nse ]pcmX\ \Kcamb _m_ntemWnbmbnð 32 hbkmbncpó At±lw AÚmX ImcW§fmð acn¨p. {Koknsâ hS¡p]Snªmdmbn _m𡬠D]Zzo]nð Hcp sNdnb cmPyamb dn¸»n¡v Hm^v amkntUmWnb 1991 ð bptKmÉmhnbbnð \nóv kzmX´yw {]m]n¨Xn\ptijw cq]oIcn¡s¸«p.

^nen¸n t{XknbbpsS AXnÀ¯nbnepÅ as¡tZm\ybnse Hcp {][m\ ]«Whpw tdma¡mÀ IpSntbdn¸mÀ¯Xpw Bb ØeamWv. B. C. 358 ð amkntUmWnbbnse cmPmhmb ^nen¸v cïma³ Cu ]«Ww FSp¯v hepXm¡n iàns¸Sp¯n tIm«sIm¯f§Ä \nÀ½n¨v Xsâ t]cnð ]p\À \maIcWw sNbvXp. ]Ýna AÀ²`qtKmf¯nð {]tXyIn¨v bqtdm¸v `qJÞ¯nð {InkvXob kphntijw {]kwKn¨ BZys¯ {]tZiambncpóp ^nen¸n. ]utemkpw klkphntijIcpw Iqsd Znhkw B ]«W¯nð Xmakn¨p. Hómw t{]jIbm{Xbnð kôcn¨ncpó ]«W§fnset¸mse ChnsS knótKmKv Dïmbncpónñ.

]pgh¡s¯ kphntij tLmjWw:
iº¯p Znhkw AhÀ tKm]pc¯nóp ]pdt¯¡p t]mbn AhnsS {]mÀ°\mØew Dïmbncn¡pw Fóp hnNmcn¨p ]pgh¡¯p Ccpóp; AhnsS IqSn hó kv{XoItfmSp kphntijw kwkmcn¨p. Xpbss¯c ]«W¡mc¯nbpw càmw_cw hnð¡póhfpambn epZnbm Fóp t]cpÅ ssZh`àbmtbmcp kv{Xo hN\w tI«psImïncpóp. s]utemkv kwkmcn¨Xp {i²nt¡ïXn\p IÀ¯mhp AhfpsS lrZbw Xpdóp. Ahfpw IpSpw_hpw kv\m\w Gätijw: "\n§Ä Fsó IÀ¯mhnð hnizkvX Fóp F®nbncn¡pópsh¦nð Fs³d ho«nð hóp ]mÀ¸n³' Fóp At]£n¨p Ahsc \nÀºÔn¨p. bqtdm¸v `qJÞ¯nð {InkvXpaX¯nte¡v BZyambn ]cnhÀ¯\w sN¿s¸«Xmbn IW¡m¡s¸Spó hnip²bmWv epZnbm. ]e {InkvXpaX hn`mK§fpw epZnbmsb Hcp hnip²bmbn IcpXn _lpam\n¡póp.

Zpcmßmhn\mð {]hÀ¯n¨v AhtfmSv BtemNn¨htcmSv Ahyàamb D¯c§Ä \ðIn hcm\ncn¡pó Imcy§Ä Adnbm\pÅ AhcpsS hyÀ°amb B{Kl§Ä ]qÀ¯nIcn¨v Xr]vXns¸Sp¯nbncpó Hcp shfn¨¸mS¯n s]¬Ip«n sXcphnð Ahsc FXntcÁp. AhÀ {]mÀ°\mØet¯¡p sNñpt¼mÄ e£Ww ]dªp bPam\òmÀ¡p hfsc em`w sImbvXpsImSp¯ncpó Cu a{´hmZn\n s]¬Ip«n Znhtk\ Ahsc ]n´pSÀóv "Cu a\pjyÀ AXypóX\mb ssZh¯ns³d ZmkòmÀ, c£mamÀ¤w \n§tfmSp Adnbn¡póhÀ' Fóp hnfn¨p]dªp. C§s\ AhÄ ]e\mÄ sNbvXt¸mÄ s]utemkvv apjnªp Xncnªpt\m¡n AhfnepÅ `qXt¯mSp: "Ahsf hn«pt]mIphm³ Rm³ tbip{InkvXphns³d \ma¯nð \ntómSp Iev]n¡póp' Fóp ]dªp. B \mgnIbnð Xtó Zpcmßmhv Ahsf hn«p t]mbn, AhÄ \ni_vZbmbn. X§fpsS em`w sIm¿pó hym]mc¯nsâ DdhnSw s]s«óv \ãt¸mbXpIïv AhfpsS bPam\òmÀ s]utemkns\bpw ioemkns\bpw ]nSn¨p, s]mXp\oXn \S¸m¡pó N´Øe¯p {]amWnIfpsS ASp¡te¡p hen¨p sImïpt]mbn, A[n]XnIfpsS ap¼nð \ndp¯n: "sblqZòmcmb Cu a\pjyÀ \½psS ]«Ws¯ Ie¡n, tdma¡mcmb \ap¡p AwKoIcn¸m\pw A\pkcn¸m\pw \ymbañm¯ BNmc§sf {]kwKn¡póp' Fóp ]dªp. s]mXpP\hpw AhcpsS t\sc CfIn; A[n]XnIÄ AhcpsS hkv{Xw ]dn¨pcnªp tImðsImïp Ahsc ASn¸m³ Iev]n¨p. Ahsc hfsc ASn¸n¨ tijw XShnð B¡n. Ahsc GÁhpw tamiamb IpÁhmfnIfmbn IcpXn \ymbm[n]òmÀ AhcpsS {]XnÚm_²X hfsc IÀi\am¡n. ImcmKrl{]amWntbmSp Ahsc kpc£nXambn kq£n¡m³ Iev]n¨p. C§s\bpÅ Iev]\ In«pIbmð PbneÀ AhcpsS XShv ITn\am¡n. Ahsc AIs¯ Pbnente¡v (Ipïd) hens¨dnªv AhcpsS Imð Ba¯nð C«p ]q«n. ]utemkn\pw ioemkn\pw e`n¨ _Ô\¯nsâ Xo{hX bnscaym{]hmNI\v s_\ymao³ tKm]pc¯nepw tbmk^n\v ^dthmsâ Imcm{Kl¯nepw e`n¨Xn\v kam\ambncpóp.

PbnedpsS ]cnhÀ¯\w:
AÀ²cm{Xn¡p s]utemkpw ioemkpw {]mÀ°n¨p ssZhs¯ ]mSn kvXpXn¨p: XShpImÀ {i²n¨psImïncpóp. s]s«óp Hcp henb `qI¼w Dïmbn, ImcmKrl¯ns³d ASnØm\w Ipep§n hmXnð Hs¡bpw Xpdóp, FñmhcpsSbpw N§e AgnªphoWp. ImcmKrl{]amWn Dd¡pWÀóp ImcmKrl¯ns³d hmXnepIÄ Xpdóncn¡póXp Iïn«p N§e¡mÀ HmSnt¸mbv¡fªp Fóp Duln¨p hmfqcn Xsó¯m³ sImñphm³ `mhn¨p. At¸mÄ s]utemkv: \n\¡p Hcp tZmjhpw sN¿cpXp; R§Ä Fñmhcpw ChnsS Dïtñm Fóp Dds¡ hnfn¨p ]dªp. Ah³ shfn¨w tNmZn¨p AIt¯¡p NmSn hnsd¨pwsImïp s]utemkns³dbpw ioemkns³dbpw ap¼nð hoWp. Ahsc ]pd¯psImïp hóp: bPam\òmtc, c£ {]m]n¸m³ Rm³ F´p sNt¿Ww Fóp tNmZn¨p. IÀ¯mhmb tbiphnð hnizkn¡; Fómð \obpw \ns³d IpSpw_hpw c£ {]m]n¡pw Fóp AhÀ ]dªp. ]nsó AhÀ IÀ¯mhns³d hN\w Aht\mSpw Ahs³d ho«nepÅ FñmhtcmSpw {]kwKn¨p. Ah³ cm{Xnbnð, B \mgnIbnð Xtó, Ahsc Iq«ns¡mïp t]mbn AhcpsS apdnhpIsf IgpIn; Xm\pw X\n¡pÅhscñmhcpw XmaknbmsX kv\m\w Gäp. ]nsó Ahsc ho«nð ssIs¡mïp AhÀ¡p `£Ww sImSp¯p, ssZh¯nð hnizkn¨Xnð hoSS¡w B\µn¨p.

t\cw ]peÀót¸mÄ A[n]XnIÄ Hm^okdòmsc Ab¨p: "B a\pjyÀ¡p t]mImw' Fóp ]dbn¨p. ImcmKrl{]amWn Cu hmÀ¯ s]utemkns\ Adnbn¨p: \n§sf hn«b¸m³ A[n]XnIÄ Bfb¨ncn¡póp; BIbmð kam[m\t¯msS t]mIphn³ Fóp ]dªp. s]utemkv AhtcmSp: tdmas]ucòmcmb R§sf AhÀ hnkvXmcw IqSmsX ]ckyambn ASn¸n¨p XShnem¡nbtñm; Ct¸mÄ clkyambn R§sf ]pd¯m¡pópthm? A§s\ Añ; AhÀ Xtó hóp R§sf ]pd¯psImïp t]mIs« Fóp ]dªp. Hm^okdòmÀ B hm¡p A[n]XnItfmSp t_m[n¸n¨msd AhÀ tdmas]ucòmÀ Fóp tI«p `bs¸«p sNóp AhtcmSp \ñ hm¡p ]dªp Ahsc ]pd¯p sImïphóp ]«Ww hn«p t]mtIWw Fóp At]£n¨p. AhÀ XShp hn«p epZnbbpsS ho«nð sNóp ktlmZcòmsc Iïp Bizkn¸n¨ tijw AhnsS \nóv bm{Xbmbn.

]utemkv sXÊsem\n¡bnð:
AhÀ Aw^ns]menknepw As¸mtem\ybnepw IqSn ISóp sXÊsem\n¡bnð F¯n. Cóv ktems\¡v [ Saloneck ] Fóp hnfn¡pó sXÊsem\n¡ {Koknse Hcp {][m\ \Kcambncpóp. Aw^ns]menkv ^nen¸nb¡v ASp¯pw As¸mtem\y sXÊsem\n¡bn¡Sp¯pw ØnXn sNbvXncpó Øe§Ä Bbncpóp. hnip² ]utemknsâ anjy\dn bm{X ssZhoI amÀ¤\nÀt±i¯nð BbncpóXn\mð AhÀ ISópt]mtIïXpw, hn{ia¯n\v Xmaknt¡ïXpw, hN\w tLmjnt¡ïXpw Bb {]tXyIw {]tXyIw Øe§Ä Fñmw ]cnip²mßmhn\mð Adnbn¡s¸«ncpóp. As¸mtem\y Aóv Cñpcy [ Illyricum ] tZiw Fópw Adnbs¸«ncpóp. Xm³ \«phfÀ¯m¯, Aóphsc Hcn¡epw Iïn«nñm¯ tdmanse hnizmknIÄ¡v Is¯gpXpt¼mÄ Xm³ IÀ¯mhnsâ PòtZiamb ]ekvXo\nse sbdpitew apXð A§v, bqtdm¸nse {Koknse Cñpcy tZiw hsc IÀ¯mhnsâ kphntijhpw hln¨v kôcn¨p Fóv {]Xn]mZn¡pópïv. "A§s\ Rm³ sbcpitew apXð Cñpcy tZit¯mfw Npänkôcn¨p {InkvXphns³d kphntijtLmjWw ]qcn¸n¨ncn¡póp.' (tdmaÀ 15:19)

sXÊsem\n¡bnð sblqZòmcpsS Hcp knótKmKv Dïmbncpóp. s]utemkv ]Xnhpt]mse AhcpsS ASp¡ð sNóp aqóp iº¯nð Xncpshgp¯pIsf B[mcam¡n AhtcmSp kwkmcn¨p hmZn¨p. {InkvXp Iãw A\p`hn¡bpw acn¨hcnð \nóp DbnÀs¯gptóð¡bpw sNt¿ïXp AhcpsS \ymb{]amW¯nð FgpXs¸«{]Imcw Bbncpóp Fópw, X§Ä Ct¸mÄ Adnbn¡pó Cu tbip Xtó {InkvXp Fópw sXfnbn¨p hnhcn¨psImïncpóp. bmYmØnXnI blqZòmcnð Nnecpw `ànbpÅ bh\òmcnðð Hcp henb P\kaqlhpw {]apJ am\y kv{XoIfnð At\Icpw hnizkn¨p s]utemknt\mSpw ioemknt\mSpw tNÀóp.

Fómð hnizkn¡m¯ blqZòmÀ Akqbs¸«v sXcphnð an\s¡«p \S¡pó Nne Zpãòmsc tNÀ¯p ]pcpjmcs¯ Cf¡n ]«W¯nð Ielw Dïm¡n. AhÀ BÀ¯phnfn¨v BfpIsf sXcphnð Iq«nhcp¯n. {]tIm]nXcmb P\¡q«w At¸mkvtXmeòmÀ Xmakn¨ncpó hnizmknbmb bmtkms³d hoSp hfªp B{Ian¨p Ahsc P\kaql¯nð sImïphcphm³ ]²Xnbn«p. Fómð At¸mkvtXmeòmsc In«mªn«v {]£p_vZcmb P\kaqlw \ñh\mb bmtkms\bpw Nne ktlmZcòmscbpw \Kcm[n]òmcpsS ASp¡te¡p Csg¨psImïp `cWm[nImcnItfmSv Ahsc IpÁs¸Sp¯n. AhÀ¡v XmakØew \ðInbXv cmPyt{Zmlambn AhÀ sXÁn²cn¸n¨p. "aÁp Øe§fnð Ipg¸§Ä krãn¨hÀ CXm ChntSbpw F¯nbnbncn¡póp; Ahsc hnizkn¡m³ Nnecpw Xbmdmbncn¡póp; AhÀ Fñmw tbip Fó asämcph³ cmPmhp Fóp ]dªpsImïp ssIkcpsS \nba§Ä¡p {]XnIqeambn {]hÀ¯n¡póp' Fóp \nehnfn¨p. Cu Bchhpw iImchpw tI«v s]mXpP\hpw \Kcm[n]òmcpw {`an¨p. Fómð hnizmk]camb Cu k¦oÀ® hnjb¯nð CSs]Sm³ aPnkvt{S«n\v a\Ênñmbncpóp. AXpsImïv bmtkms\bpw kplr¯p¡tfbpw Pmayw hm§n hn«b¨p.

]utemkv s_tcmshbnð:
cm{XnbnðXtó, ktlmZcòmÀ s]utemkns\bpw ioemkns\bpw s_tcmsh¡p ]dªb¨p. hS¡³ {Koknse amkntUmWbnð Cóv shtdmb [ Veroia ] Fódnbs¸Spó Cu \Kcw slñ\nIv, tdma³ ImeL«¯nð s_tcmsh Fóv hnfn¡s¸«ncpóp. Hfn¼kv ]ÀÆX¯n\v hS¡v, shÀanb³ ]ÀÆX\ncIfpsS Ing¡p`mK¯pÅ Hcp sNdnb \KcamWnXv. AhnsS F¯n ]utemkpw ioemkpw XnsamsYtbmkpw sblqZòmcpsS ]Ånbnð t]mbn {InkvXob kphntijw {]kwKn¨p. s_tcmsh¡mÀ sXÊsem\n¡ysc¡mÄ Xpdó a\ÊpÅhcpw \ymbt_m[apÅhcpw Bbncpóp. AhÀ IÀ¯mhmb tbip{InkvXphnsâ kphntij¯nsâ hN\w ]qÀ® Pm{KXtbmsS ap³hn[nIfnñmsX kzoIcn¡pIbpw AhcpsS \ymb{]amW{]Imcw kphntij¯nsâ kXyhpw Ir]bpsS D]m[nIfpw bpàn]qÀÆw Zn\{¼Xn Xncpshgp¯pIsf ]cntim[n¡m³ X¿mdmIpIbpw sNbvXp. s_tcmsh¡mcnð ]ecpw, am\ycmb {]apJ bh\kv{XoIfnepw ]pcpjòmcnepw At\Icpw IÀ¯mhnð hnizkn¨p.

s]utemkv s_tcmhbnepw ssZhhN\w Adnbn¨Xpw AhÀ AXv kzoIcn¨Xpw sXÊsem\o¡bnse {InkvXphns\ FXnÀ¯ AhnizmknIfmb, Akpbbpw tcmjhpw ]qï sblqZòmÀ Adnªp. AhÀ s_tcmhbnepw hóp P\¡q«s¯ Cf¡n {`an¸n¨v Iem]w BcwZn¨p, ]utemkn\pw ioemkn\pw XnsamsYtbmkn\pw {]kwKn¡m³ Ignbnsñóv Dd¸phcp¯n. At¸mÄ ktlmZcòmÀ s]utemkns\ kap{ZXoct¯¡p ]dªb¨p; ioemkpw XnsamsYtbmkpw AhnsS¯tó ]mÀ¯p. s]utemknt\mSpIqsS hgn¯pW t]mbhÀ At±ls¯, {]ikvX \Kcamb AtY\tbmfw [ Athens ] sImïpt]mbn; ioemkpw XnsamsYtbmkpw Ignbpó thK¯nð Xs³d ASp¡ð AtY\bnte¡v htcWw Fóp ]utemknsâ \nÀtZiw hm§n aS§nt¸móp. ]utemkv Xsâ Iq«mfnIsf¡qSmsX AtY\bnð GIm´\pw ZpJnX\pw Bbncpóp.

s_scmhbnð \nópw ]utemkn\v hgn¯pW t]mbhÀ sZÀº¡mc\mb Kmsbmkpw sXÊtem\n¡y¡mc\mb AcnkvXÀslmkpw Bbncpóp. ]utemkv kz´w I¿mð kv\m\w sNbvX BZyIme hnizmknIfnð HcmÄ Bbncpóp Kmsbmkv. Pòw sImïv amkntUmWnb¡mcs\¦nepw ZÀºbnð Ønc Xmakw B¡nbncpóp. ZÀºbv¡v ASp¯ {]ti§fnepw Xsâ PòØeamb amkntUmWnbbnse sImcn´nepw hnip² ]utemkn\v BYnXyw hln¡bpw kÀÆks`¡pw AXnYn kev¡mcw sNbvIbpw sNbvXncpó alma\kvI\mbncpóp Kmsbmkv. hni² ]t{Xmkv Xsâ aqómas¯ teJ\w FgpXnbncn¡póXv Kmtbmkns\ A`nkwt_m[\ sNbvXpsImïmWv. "aq¸\mb Rm³ kXy¯nð kvt\ln¡pó {]nb Kmsbmknóp FgpXpóXp:' (3 tblóm³ 1:1) {Koknð\nópw Gjybnse ZÀºbnð hóp ]mÀ¯ Kmtbmkv ZÀº kztZinbmb XnsamsYsbmknsâ kplr¯pw klNmcnbpw Bbncpóncn¡Ww. hfsc alXzchpw DóX XXz§Ä DÄs¡mÅpóXpamb ]utemknsâ tdmaÀs¡gpXnb teJ\w FgpXs¸«Xv sImcn´nse Kmtbmknsâ `h\¯nðsh¨msWóv IcpXs¸Spóp. tdmaÀs¡gpXnb teJ\¯nð ]utemkv Kmtbmknsâ t]cnð A`nhmZyw AÀ¸n¡pópapïv. ]e Øe§fnepw ]utemknsâ kl{]hÀ¯I\mbncpó AcnkvXÀslmkv, ]utemkv tdmansâ XShpImc\mbncn¡pt¼mÄ sImsemkyÀ¡pw ^ntemtam\pw teJ\sagpXpt¼mÄ At±lt¯msSm¸w Dïmbncpóp. cïp teJ\§fnepw ]utemkv AcnkvXÀslmknsâ \ma¯nð A`nhmZyw sN¿pópïv.

]utemkv AtY\bnð:
temI¯nse GÁhpw ]g¡tadnb \Kc§fnsemómb AtY\ [ Athens ] {Koknse GÁhpw henb \Kchpw AXnsâ XeØm\hpamWv. kmlnXy ImbnI C\§fnð GY³kn\v Hcp \oï ]mc¼cyapïv. BZyIme ]mÝmXy \mKcnIXbpsS Hcp {][m\ ASbmfambn CXns\ IW¡m¡póp. ]pcmX\ {Ko¡v X¯zNn´ B. C. Bdmw \qÁmïnð DSseSp¯p. aX]cañm¯ coXnbnð temIs¯ a\Ênem¡phm³ X¯zNn´ D]tbmKn¨p. {Ko¡p X¯zNn´ AXnsâ XpS¡w apXð ]mÝmXy kwkvImcs¯ kzm[o\n¨n«pïv. GY³kv Hcp ]T\tI{µambncpóp. GY³knse X¯yNn´Icpw tkm^nkvÁpIfpw {KoknepS\ofw kôcn¨v ]Tn¸n¨ncpóp. X¯zNn´bpsS BNmcyòmcmb tkm{I«okpw t¹tÁmbpw GY³kpImÀ Bbncpóp. alm\mb AeIvkmïÀ N{IhÀ¯nbpsS A²ym]I\mb AcnkvtÁm«nensâ {]hÀ¯\aÞew GY³kmbncpóp.

AhnSs¯ X¯zNn´IÀ¡nSbnð apJw ImWn¡m³ eÖtbm `btam CñmsX ]utemkv ]Ånbnðsh¨p sblqZòmtcmSpw ssZh`àòmtcmSpw, N´Øe¯pw Xpdó sXcphnepw Znhtk\ IïhtcmSpw kphntijw {]kwKn¨v kw`mjn¨p t]móp. AtY\bnð s]utemkv Xsâ Iq«mfnIÄ¡mbn Im¯ncn¡pt¼mÄ \Kc¯nð _nw_§Ä \ndªncn¡póXp Iïp AkzØ\mbn. Ahsc kXys¯¡pdn¨pÅ Adnhnte¡p \bn¡phm³ At±lw B{Kln¨p. F¸n¡qcycpw kvtXmbn¡cpw [ Epicurean and Stoic ] Bb XXzÚm\nIfnð NneÀ At±lt¯mSv hmZn¨p. Nne DóX`mhapÅ Nn´IÀ, "Cu hnSphmb³ F´p ]dhm³ t]mIpóp' Fóp ]dªp ]cnlkn¨p. ]utemkv tbiphns\bpw ]p\cp°m\s¯bpw Ipdn¨v {]kwKn¨XpsImïp, AhÀ¡v Adnhnñm¯ A\ytZhXIsf Ipdn¨v tLmjn¡pópshóv aäp NneÀ¡v tXmón. Fómð Fñm AtY\cpw AhnsS hóp ]mÀ¡pó ]ctZinIfpw ]pXnb Bib§sf am{Xw ]dbpItbm tIÄ¡pItbm sN¿m³ Ahkcw Im¯ncpóhcmbncpóp. AXpsImïv Nne Nn´IÀ At±ls¯ ]cmaÀin¡póXv aqeyh¯msWóv IcpXn ]utemkn\v {]`mjWw \S¯m³ Ahkcw Dïm¡n. AhÀ ]utemkns\ Actbm]K¡póntòð [ Areopagus ] sImïpt]mbn, AhtcmSp kwkmcn¨, AhÀ¡p a\ÊnemIm¯ B A]qÀÆ \hot\m]tZis¯ hyàam¡phm³ \nÀºÔn¨p.

Actbm]K {]`mjWw:
s]utemkv Actbm]Kat²y \nópsImïp Xsâ {]`mjWw Bcw`n¨p: AtY\]pcpjòmtc, \n§Ä Fñmänepw AXn`àòmÀ Fóp Rm³ ImWpóp. Rm³ Npän\Sóp \n§fpsS ]qPmØm\§sf t\m¡pt¼mÄ "AÚmXtZhóp' Fóp Fgp¯pÅ Hcp thZn¡ñp Iïp; Fómð \n§Ä AdnbmsX ]qPn¡póXpXtó Rm³ \n§tfmSp Adnbn¡póp. BImihpw `qanbpw AXnepÅXp Hs¡bpw Dïm¡nb ssZhw kzÀ¤¯nópw `qan¡pw \mY\mIsImïp ssI¸Wnbmb t£{X§fnð hmkw sN¿pónñ. Fñm PohPme§Ä¡pw Poh\pw izmkhpw kIehpw sImSp¡póh³ BIbmð hñXnópw ap«pÅh³ Fó t]mse am\pjssIIfmð ip{iqj Bhiys¸Spónñ. `qXe¯nð F§pw IpSnbncn¸m³ Ah³ Htc cà¯nð\nóv \nóp a\pjyPmXnsb Hs¡bpw Dfhm¡n, \½nð Bcnð \nópw AIóncn¡póh\ñm¯, \mw Pohn¡bpw Ncn¡bpw Ccn¡bpw sN¿pó B ssZhs¯ X¸n\Sóp Isï¯ptam Fóp sh¨p Ahs\ At\zjnt¡ïXn\p AhcpsS \nhmk¯nóp AXncpIfpw Ime§fpw \nÝbn¨p. A§s\ \n§fpsS Ihnhcòmcnepw NneÀ: "\mw Ahs³d k´m\atñm' Fóp ]dªncn¡póp. \mw ssZh¯ns³d k´XnIfmbXn\mð ssZhw a\pjys³d inev]hnZybpw k¦ev]hpwsImïp sIm¯n¯oÀ¡pó s]m³, shÅn, Iñp FónhtbmSp kZriw Fóp \ncq]nt¡ïXnñ. Fómð AdnbmbvabpsS Ime§sf ssZhw e£yam¡msX Ct¸mÄ FñmbnS¯pw Fñmhcpw am\km´cs¸tSWsaóp a\pjytcmSp Iev]n¡póp. Ah³ \ntbmKn¨ a\pjy³ temIs¯ \oXntbmsS \ymbwhn[n¡pó Hcp Znhkw \nÝbn¨ncn¡póp; Ahs\ acn¨hcnð \nóp DbnÀs¯gptóev]n¨Xn\mð FñmhÀ¡pw AXns³d Dd¸p \ðInbpancn¡póp.

acn¨hcpsS ]p\cp°m\s¯¡pdn¨p tI«n«p NneÀ ]cnlkn¨p; aäp NneÀ: R§Ä CXns\¸än ]nsóbpw \ns³d {]kwKw tIÄ¡pw Fóp ]dªp. A§s\ s]utemkv AhnsS \nóp ]pds¸«p. Fómð Nne BfpIÄ Aht\mSp tNÀóp hnizkn¨p; hnizkn¨hcnð Actbm]KØm\nbmb Znsbm\ptkymkpw Zacnkv Fóp t]cptÅmcp kv{Xobpw aäp Nnecpw Dïmbncpóp. AXn\ptijw hnip² ]utemkv X\nsb GY³kv hn«v sImcn´nð F¯n. GY³kn\q ]Snªmdv 48 ssað Zpc¯nð ØnXnsN¿pó tdma³ km{¼mPy¯nsâ Hcp {]hniybmbncpó sImcn´v AJmbbpsS {][m\ \Kchpw sX¡vþa²y {Koknse k¼óhpw at\mlchpamb {]tZiambncpóp.

AIznemkpw {]nkv¡nñbpw:
sImcn´nð ]utemkv, C¯eybnð [ Italy ] \nóp B CsS¡p hóh\mbn s]ms´mkvImc³ [ Pontus ] AIznemkv Fóp t]cptÅmcp sblqZs\bpw Ahs³d `mcy {]nkv¡nñsbbpw Iïpap«n. XpÀ¡nbnse Cós¯ Ing¡³ Icn¦Sð {]tZi¯v ØnXnsN¿pó sX¡³ Xoc¯v ØnXn sNbvXncpó Hcp {]tZiambncpóp s]ms´mkv. NnXdnt¸mb blqZòmcnð ]ecpw B Øe¯v Xmakn¨ncpóp Fóv hnip² ]t{Xmkv Çolm Xsâ teJ\¯nð km£n¡pópïv. "tbip{InkvXphns³d As¸mkvXe\mb ]s{Xmkv s]ms´mknepw KemXybnepw I¸sZmIybnepw Bkybnepw _nYp\ybnepw NnXdn¸mÀ¡pó ]ctZinIfpw' (1 ]s{Xmkv 1:1) tdmam¡mÀ shdp¯ncpó blqZòmscñmw CÁen hn«pt]mIWsaópÅ s¢usZymkv kokÀ N{IhÀ¯nbpsS Ahkm\s¯ D¯chn³{]ImcamWv AIznemkn\pw {]nkv¡nñbv¡pw CÁen hn«p t]mtIïn hóXv. A. D. 41 apXð 54 hsc km{¼mPyw `cn¨ncpó N{IhÀ¯n Bbncpóp Xn_cnbmkv s¢usZymkv kokÀ. CÁen¡p ]pd¯p P\n¨ BZys¯ tdma³ N{IhÀ¯n Bbncpóp At±lw. Hcp {InkvXym\n BsW¦nepw AIznemkns\ Hcp blqZ\mbncpóXn\mð \mSpIS¯n; hnPmXnbÀ¡v Hcp blqZ\pw {InkvXym\nbpw X½nð thÀXncn¨dnbm³ Ignbm¯ hn[¯nð Bib¡pg¸w \ne\nóncpóp. AIznemkv tbiphnsâ Ab¡s¸« Fgp]Xv injyòmcnð HcmfmsWóv ]mc¼cyw hnizkn¡póp. tdmanð Xmakn¨ncpó BZyIme ]cnhÀ¯Icnð Hcmfmb {]nkv¡nñ blqZm ]mc¼cyapÅ Hcp kv{Xo Bbncpóp.

sXmgnð HómIsImïp ]utemkv AhtcmSp IqsS Xmakn¨v tPmen sNbvXp hóp; AhcpsS sXmgnð IqSmc¸Wnbmbncpóp [ Tent making ]. Fómð iº¯v\mfpIfnð Ah³ ]Ånbnð kwhmZn¨p \ymbhmZw \S¯pIbpw sblqZòmscbpw bh\òmscbpw A\p\bn¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. Fómð ioemkpw XnsamsYtbmkpw amkntUmWnbmbnð \nóv tImcn´nð Xncns¨¯n ]utemkns\ klmbn¨v ssIIÄ iàns¸Sp¯nbtXmsS ]utemkv hoïpw ]qÀ®kab kphntij hN\ tLmjW¯nð kzbw AÀ¸n¨p. AIznemknsâbpw {]nkv¡nñbpsSbpw kmón²yw BZyIme ss{IkvXh k`Isf iàns¸Sp¯n. AhtcmSv ISs¸«ncn¡póXnsâ AwKoImc¯nepw {]iwkbnepw ]utemkv DZmc\mbncpóp. Xsâ "{InkvXptbiphnÅ kl{]hÀ¯IÀ' FómWv Ahsc hntijn¸n¨Xv. an¡ teJ\§fnepw Ahsc {]IoÀ¯n¨v ]cmaÀin¡pópïv. Nne ssZhimkv{X ]ÞnXòmÀ {]nkv¡nñsb F{_mbÀ¡pÅ teJ\¯nsâ AÚmX cNbnXmhmbn IW¡m¡pópsï¦nepw hnip² ]utemkmWv Cu teJ\¯nsâ cNbnXmshóv Imt\m\nIambn ØncoIcn¨n«pïv.

sXÊsem\nIy teJ\w:
sImcn´nð hnip² ]utemkv sXÊsem\nIyÀ¡v BZys¯ teJ\w FgpXn. ssZhnI {]tNmZ\¯mð Xm³ FgpXnb BZys¯ teJ\ambncpóp CXv. XnsamsYsbmkpw ioemkpw At±ls¯ klmbn¨p Fóp am{Xañ, Ahsc klcNbnXm¡fmbn tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«papïv. sXÊsem\nIybnð IÀ¯mhnð hnizkn¨ Ipsd blqZòmcpw [mcmfw {Ko¡pImcpw tNÀó hyhØm]nXamb Hcp k` thcpd¨ncpóp. XnsamsYsbmkpw ioemkpw sXÊsem\nIybnð\nópw Xncns¨¯n AhnSs¯ k`bnse ktlmZcòmcpsS hnizmks¯bpw kvt\ls¯bpw ]än ]dIbpw ]utemkns\ hoïpw ImWWsaópÅ AhcpsS AXoh hmôsb¸Án Adnbn¡bpw sNbvXt¸mÄ ]utemkv sXÊsem\nIyÀ¡pÅ Xsâ Hómas¯ teJ\w FgpXm³ {]tNmZnX\mbn. IÀ¯mhnð \n{Z {]m]n¨hÀ DbÀs¯gpt\ð¡psaópw, AhÀ Poht\mSncn¡póhtcmsSm¸w IÀ¯mhnssâ cïmw hchnð Ahs\ BImi¯nð FXntcð¡psaópw Hómw teJ\¯nð ]utemkv {]t_m[n¸n¨p. Fómð IÀ¯mhv DS³Xsó Xncn¨phcpsaóv AhÀ sXÁmbn a\knem¡n. Xsâ Hómas¯ teJ\w aqeapïmb C¯cw sXÁn²mcWIÄ Xncp¯póXn\pthïn A[nIw XmaknbmsX At±lw AtX k`bv¡pÅ cïmas¯ teJ\hpw FgpXn. IÀ¯mhnsâ cïmw hchn\p ap¼pïmtIï, s]mXphmb hnizmkXymKw [General Apostacy], FXnÀ{InkvXphnsâ hchv [Revelation of AntiChrist] Fóo cïp kp{][m\ Imcy§sf¡pdn¨v Ahsc DZvt_m[n¸n¨p. IqSmsX, Iã¸mSpIÄ¡p IognepÅ AhcpsS Bizmks¯¡pdn¨pw ISaIfpsS DZvt_m[\s¯bpw amÀ¤ZÀi\t¯bpw Ipdn¨v Ahsc HmÀ½s¸Sp¯n.

Fómð sImcn´nse AhnizmknIfmb blqZòmÀ kphntijs¯ FXnÀ¡bpw Zpjn¡bpw sNbvXt¸mÄ IÀ¯mhv Ið¸n¨Xps]mse, A£c{]Imcw, ]utemkv hkv{Xw IpSªp, Imense s]mSn X«n PmXnIfpsS ASp¡te¡v Xncnªp. £Wn¡s¸« AYnXnIÄ hncpón\v hcmXncpót¸mÄ sXcphoYnIfnð \nóv BfpIsf hnfn¨p tNÀ¡pó IÀ¯mhnsâ D]a A\zÀ°ambn. At±lw AhnSw hn«p knótKmKn\p sXm«cnsI Xmakn¨ncpó Xos¯mkv bpskvXmkv Fó Hcp ssZh`às³d ho«nð sNóp kphntijw Adnbn¨p. ]Ån{]amWnbmb {Inkvs]mkv Xs³d kIe IpSpw_t¯mSpw IqsS IÀ¯mhnð hnizkn¨p; IqSmsX sImcn´ycnð At\IÀ hN\w tI«p hnizkn¨p kv\m\w Gäp. sImcn´nð Xsâ thebnð XpScm\pÅ Hcp cm{XnZÀi\w ]utemkns\ t{]mÕmln¸n¨p. hnfn¡s¸SpóhÀ At\IÀ B \Kc¯nepïv Fópw IÀ¯mhv XtómSpIqsS Dïv Fópw DÅ Dd¸v ]utemkn\v DuÀÖw ]IÀóp. A§s\ At±lw Hcmïpw Bdp amkhpw AhcpsS CSbnð ssZhhN\w D]tZin¨psImïp Xmakn¨p.

KemXy teJ\w:
epkv{Xbnð sh¨v XnsamsYtbmkn\v ssIsh¸p \ðIn Xt±i k`IÄ¡v ip{iqj sN¿m³ At±ls¯ \nban¨tijw ]utemkpw ioemkpw {^pKybnepw KemXy tZi§fnepw IqSn kôcn¨v kphntijw {]kwKn¨v k`IÄ Øm]n¨p. PqUmbnk thZhn]coXnIfpsS ]Tn¸n¡epIfmð KemXytZi§fnse k`bv¡v thcpd¨nñ. Cu Aip`hmÀ¯ ]utemknsâ ImXpIfnð F¯nbt¸mÄ At±lw AkzØ\qw {]tIm]nX\pw Bbn; KemXyÀ¡pÅ teJ\sagpXn. teJ\sagpXnb Øehpw kabhpw hyàañ. Is¿gp¯pImcpsS [ Amanuensis ] klmbanñmsX kz´ ssImïv henb A£c¯nð FgpXnb teJ\amWv KemXyteJ\w. "t\m¡phn³: F{X henb A£cambn Rm³ \n§Ä¡p kz´ ssIsImïpXtó FgpXnbncn¡póp.' (KemXyÀ 6:11) aÁpÅ an¡ teJ\§fpw Is¿gp¯pImcpsS [ Amanuensis ] klmbt¯msS BWv FgpXnbn«pÅXv. kz´ ssIsImïv FgpXpt¼mÄ henb A£c¯nð FgpXn Fóp ]dbpt¼mÄ, sNdnb A£c¯nð FgpXpóXn\pw hmbn¡póXn\pw ]utemkn\v ImgvN¡pdhv Dïmbncpóp Fópw, AXmWv Xsâ icoc¯nse iqew Fópw ]e thZimkv{X ]ÞnXòmcpw IcpXpópïv. "shfn¸mSpIfpsS B[nIy¯mð Rm³ AXnbmbn \nKfn¨p t]mImXncn¸m³ F\n¡p PU¯nð Hcp iqew Xóncn¡póp; Rm³ \nKfn¨p t]mImXncnt¡ïXnóp Fsó Ip¯phm³ km¯ms³d ZqXs\ Xtó. AXp Fsóhn«p \ot§ïXnóp Rm³ aqóp h«w IÀ¯mhnt\mSp At]£n¨p. Ah³ FtómSp: Fs³d Ir] \n\¡p aXn; Fs³d iàn _elo\Xbnð XnIªphcpóp Fóp ]dªp. BIbmð {InkvXphns³d iàn Fs³dtað Bhknt¡ïXnóp Rm³ AXnkt´mjt¯msS Fs³d _elo\XIfnð {]iwkn¡pw.' (2 sImcn´yÀ 12:7þ9)

s¢usZymkv hmgvNbpsS GItZiw Ahkm\¯nð, ]pXpXmbn cq]nIcn¨ AJmb sk\tÁmdnbð {]hiybpsS D]tZãmhmbn, tdma³ sk\Ádmbncpó eqknbkv Pq\nbkv Kñntbm³ Ahtcm[nX\mbn. ]utemkv As¸mkvtXmes\Xnsc blqZòmÀ Dóbn¨ Btcm]Ww BZytIÄhnbnð Xsó hmZw tIÄ¡msX Kñntbm³ XÅn¡fªp. hN\s¯bpw \ma§sfbpw AhcpsS \ymb{]amWs¯bpw kw_Ôn¨pÅ XÀ¡kwKXnIÄ¡v \ymbm[n]Xn BIphm³ X\n¡p a\Ênñ Fóp Kñntbm³ XoÀ¯p ]dªp, \ymbmk\¯n¦ð \nóp Ahsc ]pd¯m¡n. ]Ån {]amWnbmb tkmkvsXt\kns\ ]nSn¨p \ymbmk\¯ns³d ap¼nð sh¨p AhÀ ASn¨p; CXp Hópw Kñntbm³ Iq«m¡nbnñ. Cu Ahkc¯nð At±l¯nsâ s]cpamÁw blqZ kwthZ\£aXtbmSpÅ AhKW\bpw BZyIme§fnð {InkvXpaXt¯mSpÅ tdma³ DtZymKØcpsS \njv]£ at\m`mhhpw BWv ImWn¡póXv. Kñntbmsâ Imemh[n A.D. 51þ52 ImeL«ambn BWvv IW¡m¡s¸SpóXv.

s]utemkv Ipd¨p\mÄ IqSn AhnsS Xmakn¨tijw ktlmZcòmtcmSp bm{X ]dªn«p, X\n¡p Hcp t\À¨ DïmbncpóXn\mð sIw{Ibbnð sh¨p blqZ BNmca\pkcn¨v Xe s£ucw sN¿n¨n«p {]nkv¡nñtbmSpw AIznemknt\mSpw IqsS I¸ð Ibdn kpdnbbnte¡p ]pds¸«p. Fs^tkmknð F¯n Ahsc AhnsS hn«p ]ncnªp. Fs^tkmkv Gjyssa\dnse Hcp alm\Kchpw XpdapJ ]«Whpambncpóp. Ct¸mÄ B[p\nI XpÀ¡nbpsS `mKamWv. s]utemkv ]Ånbnð sNóp sblqZòmtcmSp kw`mjn¨p. Ipsd¡qsS Xmaknt¡Ww Fóp AhÀ At]£n¨n«p Ah³ k½Xn¡msX: ssZhlnXapsï¦nð Rm³ \n§fpsS ASp¡ð aS§nhcpw Fóp ]dªp hnShm§n Fs^skmknð \nóp I¸ðamÀ¤w, ssIkcybnð hónd§n, sbcpiteanð Hcp {lkz kµÀi\w \S¯n, k`sb A`nhmZyw sNbvXtijw As´m¡ybnte¡p t]mbn.

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