At´ymIybnð GXm\pw amk§Ä hn{ian¨tijw hnip² ]utemkv Xsâ aqómas¯ anjy\dn bm{X Bcw`n¨p. Cu bm{Xbnð At±lw {][m\ambpw Gjyþssa\dnte¡v bm{X sNbvXp. KemXy, {^pKy Fón {]tZi§fneqsS At±lw XpSÀ¨bmbn kôcn¨v AhnSs¯ k`Isf Dd¸n¨v iàns¸Sp¯n.

AeIvkm{´nbmbnð \nópÅ As¸mtñmkv:
AIznemkpw {]nkv¡nñbpw Fs^skmknð anjy³ tkh\§Ä sN¿póXn\nSbnð P\\w sImïv AeIvkm{´nb¡mc\mb As¸mtñmkv Fó Hcp blqZ³ Fs^skmknð F¯n. hmssKz`hhpw Xncpshgp¯pIfnð kmaÀ°yhpapÅ As¸mtñmkv IÀ¯mhns³d amÀ¤¯nð D]tZiw e`n¨h³ Bbncpóp; tbmlóms³d kv\m\s¯¡pdn¨p am{Xw Adnªncpóp F¦nepw Bßmhnð FcnhpÅh\mIbmð At±lw tbiphns³d hkvXpX kq£vaambn {]kvXmhn¡bpw D]tZin¡bpw sNbvXp. kphntij¯nð Xo£vWX Dïmbncpó As¸mtñmkv knótKmKnð tbiphns\¡pdn¨pÅ Imcy§Ä {]mKÛyt¯msSbpw, IrXyambpw, ss[cyt¯msSbpw ]Tn¸n¨v {]kwKn¨p XpS§n. AIznemkpw {]nkv¡nñbpw As¸mtñmkns³d {]kwKw tI«msd At±ls¯ kzoIcn¨v ssZh¯ns³d amÀ¤w IqSpXð kv]ãambpw IrXyambpw At±l¯ns\ ]Tn¸n¨v sXfnbn¨p sImSp¯p, kphntij {]hÀ¯\¯n\v At±ls¯ kÖam¡n. Fs^skmknse k`bpsS km£y{]Imcw injyòmÀ At±ls¯ kzmKXw sN¿pIbpw t{]mÕmln¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. As¸mtñmkv AJmbbnte¡p t]mIphm³ CÑn¨t¸mÄ ktlmZcòmÀ At±ls¯ DÕmln¸n¡bpw At±ls¯ ssIs¡mtÅïXnóp AhnSs¯ injyòmÀ¡p FgpXpIbpw sNbvXp; AhnsS F¯nbmsd As¸mtñmkv ssZhIr]bnð hnizkn¨hÀ¡p hfsc {]tbmP\ambn¯oÀóp. tbip Xtó {InkvXp Fóp As¸mtñmkv Xncpshgp¯pIfmð sXfnbn¨p iàambn sblqZòmcpsS FXnÀhmZs¯ ]ckyambn JÞn¨p Ifªp.

Gjybnse ]Snªmd³ XpÀ¡nbnse k¼óamb Hcp tdma³ {]hniybmbncpóp Fs^skmkv. ]pcmX\ temI¯nse Ggv AÛpX§fnð Hómb al¯mb AÀs¯ankv amÀ_nÄ t£{Xambncpóp Fs^skmknsâ \mKcnI A`nam\w. AÀs¯ankv tZhnbpsS t£{Xw Hcp hym]mc tI{µhpw hcpam\ amÀ¤hpw Bbncpóp. temI¯nsâ hnhn[ `mK§fnð \nópÅ XoÀ°mSI Bcm[IÀ¡v hn{Kl§Ä hnð¡póXneqsS \Kc¯nse hyhkmbnIÄ hfscb[nIw em`w t\Snbncpóp.

As¸mtñmkv sImcn´nð Bbncn¡pt¼mÄ s]utemkv DÄ{]tZi§fnð IqSn kôcn¨p cïmw XhW Fs^tkmknð aS§n F¯n. Fs^tkmknse injyòmÀ¡v ]cnip²mßmhns\¡pdn¨v Adnbnñmbncpóp. tbmlóms³d kv\m\w Bbncpóp AhÀ GÁncpóXv. tbmlóm³ am\km´c kv\m\w am{Xsa Ign¸n¨ncpópÅp Fópw; Xs³d ]nómse hcpóh\mb tbiphnð hnizknt¡Ww Fóp tbmlóm³ P\t¯mSp ]dªp Fópw s]utemkv Ahsc ]Tn¸n¨v a\knem¡ns¡mSp¯p. ]{´tïmfw ]pcpjòmÀ IÀ¯mhmb tbiphns³d \ma¯nð kv\m\w Gäp. s]utemkv AhcpsStað ssIsh¨t¸mÄ ]cnip²mßmhp AhcpsStað hóp AhÀ A\y`mjIfnð kwkmcn¡bpw {]hNn¡bpw sNbvXp.

]utemkv aqóp amkt¯mfw Fs^skmknse blqZòmcpsS knótKmKnð ssZhcmPys¯¡pdn¨v {]mKÛyt¯msS {]kwKn¨pt]móp. Fómð blqZòmcpsS hntZzjhpw Zpjn¸pw ITn\ambt¸mÄ At±lw tbiphnð hnizkn¨ncpó injyòmsc thÀXncn¨v AhnsS \nóv t]mbn. ]nóoSv cïp hÀjt¯mfw Xpdsómkns³d ]mTimebnð Znhkhpw blqZòmtcbpw Gjybnse {Ko¡pImtcbpw ]Tn¸n¡m³ Bcw`n¨p. A§s\ [mcmfw P\§Ä IÀ¯mhns³d hN\w tIĸm³ CSbmbn. ssZhw s]utemkv apJm´cw Akm[mcWbmb AÛpX§fpw hocy{]hr¯nIfpw sN¿n¡bmð, At±l¯nsâ icoc¯nð\nóv dqamepw D¯cobhpw tcmKnIfpsStað sImïphónSpIbpw AXpaqew tcmKnIÄ¡v kuJyw e`n¡bpw, Zpcmßm¡Ä ]pds¸«p t]mIpIbpw sNbvXp.

Fómð Fs^skmkv ]pdPmXob ]ptcmlnXòmÀ, {`m´òmÀ, PmehnZy¡mÀ, hnip²Ifmbn IcpXs¸Spó thiyIÄ, hymP BÄ ssZh§Ä apXembhcpsS Hcp kt¦Xambncpóp. C¯c¯nepÅ BfpIfpsS Hcp henb tiJcw Fs^skmknð Dïmbncpóp. IqSmsX temIs¯¼mSpapÅ XoÀ°mSIcpsS BXntYbXzhpw Fs^skmkv \Kcw hln¨ncpóp. AXpsImïv Fs^skmknse kphntijoIcWw Hcp BXy´nI shñphnfnbmbn ]utemkn\v A\p`hs¸«p. sImcn´yÀs¡gpXnb Hómas¯ I¯nð X\n¡pÅ BËmZw At±lw ]¦p shbv¡pópïv. "F\n¡p henbXpw k^ehpamtbmcp hmXnð Xpdóncn¡póp; FXncmfnIfpw ]eÀ Dïp.' (1 sImcn´yÀ 16:9)

Hómw sImcn´y teJ\w:
Hómw sImcn´y teJ\w Fs^skmknð \nómWv FgpXnbsXóv hnizkn¡s¸Spóp. Cu teJ\¯nsâ cNbnXmhv ]utemkpw klþcNbnXmhv tkmkvXnt\mkpw BWv. ]utemkv Fs^skmknð Xmakn¡pó kab¯mWv sImcn´y kaql¯nð \nehnencpó Akqb, sshcmKyw, A[mÀ½nI s]cpamÁw apXemb, {InkvXobXbv¡v \nc¡m¯ {]hWXIsf¡pdn¨pÅ AkzØamb hmÀ¯ At±l¯n\v e`n¡póXv. IqSmsX sImcn´yÀ ]utemkn\b¨ I¯nð hnhmlw, hn{KlmÀ¸nX amwkw Ign¡ð apXemb \nch[n Imcy§fnð hyàX \ðIm³ k` Bhiys¸«ncpóp. sImcn´y³ {InkvXob kaql¯nð DbÀóphó C¯cw hnhn[ {]iv\§sf teJ\¯nð ]cmaÀin¡bpw ]cnlmc amÀ¤§Ä \nÀt±in¡bpw sN¿póp. ]utemkv Xsâ At¸mkvtXmeXzt¯mSpÅ shñphnfnIsf¡pdn¨pÅ {]iv\s¯ A`nkwt_m[\ sN¿pIbpw {InkvXphnð \nópÅ shfns¸Sp¯eneqsSbmWv X\n¡v CXv e`n¨sXóv AhImis¸SpIbpw sN¿póp. "ssZthã¯mð tbip{InkvXphns³d As¸mkvXe\mbn hnfn¡s¸« s]utemkpw ktlmZc\mb tkmkvsXt\kpw' Fó XpS¡ A`nhmZyw ]utemknsâ At¸mkvtXmenI AhImihmZ¯nsâ \nbakm[pXsb iàns¸Sp¯póp.

tZim´cnIfmbn \S¡pó a{´hmZnIfmb Nne sblqZòmÀ Zpcmßm¡sf ]pd¯m¡póp Fó hymtP\ ]e Øe§fnepw NpÁn\Sóv, "s]utemkv {]kwKn¡pó tbiphns³d \ma¯nð Rm³ \n§tfmSp BWbnSpóp' Fóp ]dªp tbiphns³d \maw sNmñphm³ Xp\nªp. AhÀ alm]ptcmlnX\mb kvt¡hm Fó Hcp sblqZs³d Ggp ]p{XòmÀ Bbncpóp. Fómð Zpcmßmhp AhtcmSp: "tbiphns\ Rm³ Adnbpóp; s]utemkns\bpw ]cnNbapïp; Fómð \n§Ä BÀ?' Fóp tNmZn¨p. DSs\ ZpcmßmhpÅ a\pjy³ AhcpsStað NmSn hoWv Ahsc Ccphscbpw IogS¡n Pbn¡bmð a{´hmZnIÄ \ácpw apdnthähcpambn B ho«nð \nóp HmSnt¸mbn. CXp Fs^skmknð ]mÀ¡pó kIe sblqZòmcpw bh\òmcpw Adnªp: AhÀ¡p Fñmw `bw Bbn, IÀ¯mhmb tbiphns³d \maw alnas¸«p. hnizkn¨hcnð At\Icpw hóp X§fpsS sXÁmb {]hr¯nIsf Gäp ]dªp ]Ým¯]n¨p. £p{Z{]tbmKw sNbvXncpó ]ecpw X§fpsS A¼Xn\mbncw shÅn¡mtimfw hne hcpó a{´hmZ ]pkvXI§Ä Np«pIfªp. CXn\ptijw s]utemkv as¡tZm\ybnepw AJmbbnepw IqSn ISóp sbcpiteante¡pw AhnsS \nóv tdmante¡pw t]mtIWw Fóp a\Ênð B{Kln¨p. F¦nepw Xsâ klip{iqIcmb XnsamsYsbmkns\bpw, FcskvXmkns\bpw as¡tZm\ybnte¡p Ab¨n«p Xm³ Ipsd¡mew IqSn Fs^skmknð Xmakn¨p.

sImcn´yÀ¡pÅ cïmw teJ\w:
Xsâ at\mlnXw t]mse amkntUmWnbbpw {Kokpw sImcn´pw kµÀin¡m³ km²yañmsX hótXmsS ]utemkv sImcn´yÀ¡pÅ cïmas¯ teJ\w FgpXn. BZyteJ\w FgpXn GItZiw Hcp hÀjw Ignª tijamWv cïmas¯ teJ\w FgpXnbXv. hfsc Iãhpw at\mhyk\hpw Dïmbn«p hfsc I®p\otcmSpIqsS FgpXnb teJ\amWv CXv. Cu teJ\¯nsâ cN\ At¸mkvsXme\mb ]utemkpw klþcNbnXmhv XnsamsYtbmkpw BWv. Fómð teJ\w FgpXnb Øetam kabtam hyàañ. Cu teJ\w sImcn´y k`tbbpw Cós¯ {Koknse NpÁpapÅ AJmbbnse {InkvXym\nIsfbpw A`nkwt_m[\ sN¿póp. AhnizmknIfpambn CS]gIpóXns\Xnsc At±lw sImcn´yÀ¡v Pm{KX \ðIpóp. sbcpiteanse hnip²òmcpsS klmb¯n\pÅ [À½hpw Iq«mbvabpw KemXyk` sNbvX amXrIbnð sImcn´yk`bpw {]m]vXnt]mse kzta[bmbn sN¿Wsaóv At±lw A`yÀ°n¡póp.

AÀs¯ankv t£{X¯nse Iem]w:
shÅnsImïp AÀs¯ankv tZhnbpsS t£{Xcq]§sf hmÀ¯pïm¡nbncpó sZta{Xnsbmkv Fó X«m³ Xsâ sXmgnemfnIÄ¡v [mcmfw ]Ww. Dïm¡n sImSp¯ncpóp. Fómð s]utemkv, "I¿mð XoÀ¯Xp tZhòmÀ Añ' Fóp Gjy apgph\pw {]tXyIn¨v Fs^skmknepw P\§sf ]Tn¸n¨ncpóXpsImïv X§fpsS hym]mcw \ãs¸SpóXns\¡pdn¨v AhÀ Bi¦mIpecmbn. hn{Kl hnð¸\bnse CSnhns\¡pdn¨v NÀ¨ sN¿m³ sZta{Xnsbmkv klhym]mcnIfpsSbpw sXmgnemfnIfptSbpw Hcp tbmKw hnfn¨pIq«n. IqSmsX, ]utemknsâ \ho\ kphntijtLmjWw ImcWw AÀs¯ankv t£{X¯nsâ {]m[m\yw \ãamIpóXpw, Gjy apgph\pw Bcm[n¡pó almtZhnbpsS amlmßyw HSp§nt¸mIpóXpw sZta{Xnsbmkv Duón¸dªp. tbmK¯nð Hcp Iem]w s]m«n¸pds¸«p. \Kcw apgph³ Bib¡pg¸¯nembn. P\sañmw XntbÁdnte¡v t{Im[w \ndªhcmbn ]mªv Ibdn, Fs^kycpsS AÀs¯ankv altZhn¡v Pbv hnfn¨v Bchw apg¡n. as¡tZm\ybnð\nópw s]utemkns³d Iq«pbm{X¡mcmbn hó Kmsbmkns\bpw, AcnkvXÀslmkns\bpw cwKØet¯¡p hen¨ng¨p. s]utemkv P\kaql¯nð sNñphm³ `mhn¨t¸mÄ injyòmcpw kvt\lnXcpw At±ls¯ XSªp. s]mXpP\§Ä¡v icnbmb kwKXnsbm ImcWsam F´msWóv a\Ênembncpópanñ. sblqZòmÀ apt¼m«p D´ns¡mïp hó AeIvk´cns\ ]pcpjmc¯nð NneÀ kwkmcn¸m³ DÕmln¸n¨p; AeIvk´À BwKyw Im«n P\kaqlt¯mSp kwkmcn¸m³ `mhn¨t¸mÄ, Ah³ sblqZ³ Fóp AdnªbpS³ cïp aWn¡qÀ kabt¯mfw Fñmhcpw IqSn GI i_vZt¯msS Fs^kycpsS AÀs¯ankv almtZhn¡p Pbv hnfn¨v BÀ¯psImïncpóp. kphntijItcm AhcpsS ]Tn¸n¡epItfm tZhnt¡m t£{X¯nt\m Hcp D]{Zhpw hcp¯nbn«nñ Fóp ]dªv \Kck` tabÀ Iem]ImcnIsf \ni_vZcm¡n. bpànclnXamb Bt{Imi¯n\pw \nbahncp²amb kt½f\¯n\pw tabÀ P\¡q«s¯ A]e]n¨p. Iem]w {Iat¡Smbn XpSÀómð {]XyLmX§fpïmIpsaóv apódnbn¸v \ðIn. DS³ Xsó Fñmhcpw ]n´ncnªp ]ncnªpt]mbn. ]utemkv aqóp hÀjt¯mfw Fs^skmknð Xmakn¨v kphntij the sNbvXp. ]utemkv \Kcw hn«v amkntUmWnbbnte¡v bm{Xbmbn. aqópamkw {Koknð {]tXyIn¨pw sImcn´nð Xmakn¨p.

tdmaÀ¡v FgpXnb teJ\w:
hnip² ]utemknsâ sImcn´nte¡p hoïpapÅ Cu kµÀi\ kab¯mWv tdmaÀ¡pÅ teJ\w FgpXnbXv. ]utemknsâ teJ\§fnð GÁhpw ssZÀLytadnbXmWv ]pXnb\nba¯nse teJ\§fnð BZyambn tNÀ¯ncn¡pó tdmam teJ\w. tbip{InkvXphnepÅ hnizmk¯neqsS ssZhIr]bmð blqZcptSbpw hnPmXnbcptSbpw, Hcpt]mse, \oXoIcW¯nsâbpw c£bptSbpw kphntijw {]tLmjn¡pó Cu teJ\w ssIImcyw sN¿pó hnjb¯nsâ km{µXbpw BUw`chpw hb\¡msc ]pfInXcm¡pIbpw ]nXmhmw ssZh¯nsâ \oXnbpw kvt\lhpw shfns¸Sp¯pIbpw sN¿póp. ]utemkv sImcn´nð Kmbknsâ `h\¯nð AYnXnbmbn Xmakn¡pt¼mgmWv sXÀ¯pkv [Tertius] Fó Xsâ Is¿gp¯pImcs\s¡mïv [Amanuensis] Cu teJ\w FgpXn¸n¨sXóv IcpXs¸Spóp. \Kc¯nsâ s]mXpacma¯v hIp¸v I½njWdpw hnhn[ kab§fnð \Kc {Sjdmdpambncpó [City Treasurer] FcskvXmkv [Erastus] teJ\sagpXpt¼mÄ ]utemknt\msSm¸w Dïmbncpóp.

teJ\sagpXpó kab¯v ]utemkv tdmw kµÀin¨n«nñ. kvs]bn\nð t]mIWsaópw hgnbnð tdmanð Cd§Wsaópw At±lw AXnbmbn B{Kln¨ncpóp. At¸mkvsXmeòmcpsS Ime¯v tdmanð blqZòmÀ Xmakapïmbncpóp. Ahcnð {InkvXphnð hnizkn¨hÀ X§fpsS hnizmkw Xt±inbÀ¡v ssIamdpIbpw sNbvXp. bmsXmcp ASbmf§fpw AÛpX§fpw ImWmsXbpw, As¸mkvXeòmscsbmópw apJZmhnð ImWmsXbpw tdmam¡mÀ {InkvXob hnizmkw kzoIcn¨Xv F´psImïpw {InkvXptbiphnð hfsc {]iwk\obamWv. ]utemkv tdmanse {InkvXym\nIfpsS Fñm kmlNcy§fpw a\knem¡n kzbw ]cnNbs¸«ncpóp. At\I hÀjw tdmanð Xmakn¨ncpó AIznemkpw {]nkv¡nñbpw ]utemkn\v tdmanse k`bpsS kq£vaamb Hcp Nn{Xw hc¨pIm«nbn«pïmhmw. A. D. 54 ð s¢usZymkv kokÀ acn¨ tijw N{IhÀ¯nbmbn Ahtcm[nX\mb \otdm N{IhÀ¯n blqZòmÀ¡v CÁenbnepïmbncpó \ntcm[\w ]n³hen¨ncpóp. AXn³ {]Imcw AIznemkpw {]nkv¡nñbpw tdmante¡v Xncnsb t]mbncpóp. ]utemkv teJ\¯nð AhÀ¡v A`nhmZyw AÀ¸n¡pópïv. AIznemkpw {]nkv¡nñbpw AhcpsS `h\¯nð Hcp k` \S¯nbncpóp.

t{Xmhmknð acn¨ bq¯ns¡mkns\ Pohn¸n¡póp:
sImcn´nð \nópw ]pds¸Spt¼mtg¡pw ]utemknsâ IqsS Hcp henb anjy\dn kwLw Dïmbncpóp. s_tcmhbnse ]psdmkns³d aI³ tkm]s{Xmkpw, ]utemkn\v hgn¯pWbmbn s_tcmhbnð \nópw GY³knte¡p hó sXÊtem\n¡ycmb AcnkvXÀslmkpw sZÀº¡mc\mb Kmsbmkpw, sk¡ps´mkpw, XnsamsYsbmkpw Gjy¡mcmb Xplns¡mkpw s{Xm^ntamkpw t\cs¯ Xsó t{Xmhmknte¡v bm{Xbmbn. s]klm s]cp\mfn\ptijw ]utemkpw eqt¡mkpw ^nen¸nbnð\nóv I¸ð Ibdn Aôp Znhk¯n\pÅnð t{Xmhmknð kwL¯ns\m¸sa¯n. Cu Imeambt¸mtg¡pw {InkvXob kaql¯nsâ hnip² Znhkw im]Xv Zn\amb i\nbmgvNbnð\nóv BZyZn\amb RbdmgvNbnte¡v amdnbncpóp. t{Xmhmknð RbdmgvN hnip² IpÀºm\ AÀ¸n¡m³ ]utemkv Fgp Znhkw Xmakn¨p. AXn\ptijw ASp¯ Znhkw t]mIm³ Dt±in¨v ]utemkv AhtcmSv {]kwKn¨p, ]mXnchscbpw {]kwKw \o«n. [mcmfw hnf¡pIfpïmbncpó, AhÀ IqSnbncpó, B henb _lp\ne amfnIbpsS InfnhmXnð¡ð Ccpóp bq¯ns¡mkv Fó sbuh\¡mc³ KmV\n{Z ]nSn¨p. s]utemkv hfsc t\cw kw`mjn¡bmð \n{Zmhi\mbn aqómw \nebnð \nóp Xmsg hoWp; Ahs\ acn¨h\mbn FSp¯psImïp hóp. s]utemkv Cd§ns¨óp Ahs³dtað hoWp XgpIn {`ant¡ïm; Ahs³d {]mW³ Ah\nð Dïp Fóp ]dªp Ahs\ Pohn¸n¨p. Fón«v ]utemkv hoïpw apIfnte¡phóv A¸w \pdp¡n {]`mXw hsc {]kwKn¨tijw bm{Xbmbn. AXy´w hnizkvX\pw, kXykÔ\pw, At§bÁw hnizk\obamb kq£va Ncn{XImc\pw, sXmgnenð Hcp tUmIvSdpamb teJI³, hnip² eqt¡mk,v Xsâ I®psImïv Iï Hcp ZrIvkm£n hnhcWambmWv Cu kw`hs¯ tcJs¸Sp¯n«pÅXv.

t{Xmhmknð \nópw tbcpiteante¡qÅ bm{X:
kwLw Fñmw I¸ð Ibdn AsÊmknte¡p Xncn¨p. ]utemkv am{Xw thK¯nð Imð\Sbmbn AsÊmknð AhtcmsSm¸w F¯n. AhnsS \nópw Fñmhcpw IqSn anXpte\ [ Mitylene ] ISóv ]nsÁ Znhkw Jnsbmkv [ Chios ] Zzo]ns³d FXnsc F¯n, ASp¯ Znhkw kmsamkv Zzo]nð Cd§n. ]ntäóp antes¯mknð F¯n. km²ysa¦nð s]´nt¡mkvXn s]cp\mfn\v tbcpiteanð F¯m³ B{Kln¨ncpóXpsImïv Fs^skmknð IbdmsX t]mIm³ Xocpam\n¨p. antes¯mknð \nóp At±lw Fs^skmknte¡p Bfb¨p k`bnse aq¸òmsc hcp¯n. tbmK¯nð At±lw AhÀ¡v hniZamb CSb \nÀt±i§Ä \ðIn; hcm\ncn¡pó thZho]coX§sf¸Ánbpw apódnbn¸p \ðIn. tbcpiteanð X\n¡pïmtb¡mhpó _Ô\§sf¡pdn¨pw IãXIsf¡pdn¨pw AhÀ¡v kpN\ \ðIn, Hcp ]s£ AhÀ Xsâ apJw C\nbpw ImWpIbnñ Fó apódnbn¸pw sImSp¯p. At±lw ap«pIp¯n FñmhtcmSpw IqSn {]mÀ°n¨p. CXp tI«v AhÀ Gähpw Zp:Jn¨p Dds¡ Icªv At±ls¯ Npw_n¨p, I¸temfw At±lt¯mSp IqsS sNóv bm{Xbb¨p. antes¯mknse I®otcmsSbpÅ bm{X ]d¨nen\ptijw ]utemkpw Iq«cpw ]ekvXo\nte¡pÅ bm{XbpsS Ahkm\ L«¯n\mbn I¸ð Ibdn.

ssIkcybnð ^nens¸mknsâ `h\¯nð:
{]ikvXamb {Ko¡p Zzo]mb tImkv, scmsZmkv, sseknbmbnse Hcp {]apJ XpdapJ ]«Wamb ]Xmc hgn, ssk{]kv Zzo]nsâ AcnInð IqSn, s^mbv\ojy³ XpdapJamb tkmcnð [ Tyre ] hónd§n; I¸en\v Nc¡v Cdt¡ïn hóXn\mð Ggp Znhkw AhnsS, injyòmsc Isï¯n AhtcmSpIqsS Xmakn¨p. AhÀ s]utemknt\mSp sbcqiteanð t]mIcpXp Fóp Bßmhn\mð ]dªp. AhnSs¯ Xmakw Ignªv AhÀ hn«pt]mIpt¼mÄ Fñmhcpw kv{XoIfpw Ip«nIfpambn ]«W¯nóp ]pdt¯mfw hóp ISð¡cbnð ap«pIp¯n {]mÀ°n¨p X½nð bm{X ]dªv aS§nt¸mbn. cïp Znhkw Ignªv ssIkcybnð F¯n, Fgp si½mÈòmcnð Hcmfmb ^nens¸mkv Fó kphntijIs³d ho«nð sNóp Aht\mSp IqsS Xmakn¨p. FtXym]y¡mc\mb jÞs\ kv\m\s¸Sp¯nbtijw ssIkcybnð Xmakambncpó ^nens¸mkn\v {]hmNIcmb \mev ]p{XnamÀ Dïmbncpóp. AXn\nSbv¡ AKm_kv Fó Hcp {]hmNI³ sblqZybnð \nóp hóp; s]utemkns³d Ac¡¨ FSp¯p Xs³d ssIImepIsf sI«n: Cu Ac¡¨bpsS DSaØs\ sblqZòmÀ sbcqiteanð C§s\ sI«n PmXnIfpsS I¿nð Gev]n¡pw Fóp ]cnip²mßmhp ]dbpóp Fóp ]dªp. CXp tI«n«v sbcqiteanð t]mIcpXp Fóp AhnS¯pImÀ Fñmw s]utemknt\mSp At]£n¨p. ]utemkv AXv k½Xn¡msX "IÀ¯mhns³d Cãw \S¡s«' Fóp ]dªp, ssIkcybnse Nne injyòmtcmSpIqsS tbcpiteante¡v bm{Xbmbn. tbcpiteanð, Ips{]mkvImc\mb av\mtkm³ Fó Hcp ]gb injysâ ho«nð AXnYnIfmbn ]mÀ¡póXn\pÅ {IaoIcW§Ä sNbvXncpóp.

]utemkv sbcqiteanð:
s]´ns¡mkvXn s]cp\mfnð sbcpiteanse¯nb ]utemknt\bpw Iq«mfnItfbpw sbcqiteanse ktlmZcòmÀ lmÀ±hambn kzmKXw sNbvXp, Dujvafambn kzoIcn¨p. A\´cw tbcpiteanse _nj¸mbncpó bmt¡m_nsâ ASp¯pt]mbn, k`mtbmK¯nð aq¸òmsc A`nhmZyw sNbvXp; Xs³d ip{iqjbmð ssZhw PmXnIfpsS CSbnð sN¿n¨Xp Hmtcmómbn hnhcn¨p ]dªp. AhÀ tI«p ssZhs¯ alXzs¸Sp¯n. Gjy³, bqtdm]y³ k`Ifnð \nóv tiJcn¨ ZpcnXmizmk klmbw ]utemkv ssIamdn. tamisb Dt]£n¨p Ifbphm\pw, a¡sf ]cntÑZ\ sN¿cpXp Fópw PmXnIfpsS CSbnepÅ kIe sblqZòmtcmSpw ]utemkv D]tZin¡póp Fóp At\Imbncw hcpó \ymb{]amWXev]còmcmb sbcpiteanse sblqZ hnizknIfpsS CSbnð sXÁmb [mcW \ne \nóncpóp. AXpsImïv blqZ BNmc]camb \nba§Ä ]men¡póXneqsS hnizmknIfmb blqZòmsc Xr]vXns¸Sp¯Wsaópw AXn\v tbcpitew tZhmeb¯nð ]ckyambn {]Xy£s¸SWsaópw hnip² bmt¡m_vÇolm, ktlmZcm Fóp hnfn¨v, ]utemknt\mSv `hyXtbmsS \nÀtZin¨p. bmt¡m_vÇolmbpsS \nÀt±iw ]utemkv hn\b\mbn kzIcn¨v \kdmb t\À¨ ]qÀ¯nbm¡nb \mep ]pcpjòmtcmSp IqsS tZhmeb¯nð sNóv kzbw ip²oIcn¨v {hXw Ahkm\n¸n¨p.

sbcpiteanð kwLÀjw:
Ggp Znhkw Ignªv Gjybnð \nóv hó {]tIm]nXcmb Nne blqZòmÀ ]utemkns\ ]nSnIqSn It¿Áw sN¿pIbpw Fñm P\§tfbpw At±l¯ns\Xncmbn Cf¡n adn¡bpw sNbvXp. sbcpiteays\¦nepw Ipsd hÀjw hntZi¯v ip{iqj sNbvXp t]móncpóXn\mð sbcpiteanð At±lw A]cnNnX\mbn¯oÀóncpóp. AhÀ t\cs¯ Fs^ky\mb t{Xm^ntamkns\ ]utemknt\mSpIqsS \Kc¯nð IïXn\mð s]utemkv Ahs\ ssZhmeb¯nð, blqZòmcñm¯hsc A\phZn¡m¯ hnPmXnbcpsS {]mImc¯n\¸pd¯v, Iq«ns¡mïp hóp Fóp \ncq]n¨v, ]utemkv ]pWyØes¯ Aip²am¡n Fóv P\§sf sXÁn²cn¸n¨p. AhÀ ]utemkns\ tZhmeb¯nð \nóv hen¨ng¨v ]pd¯pXÅn IXIS¨p. AhÀ At±ls¯ sImñphm³ {ian¡pt¼mÄ, At´mWnb tIm«bnð [ Antonia Fortress ] X¼Sn¨ncpó tdma³ ssk\yw tZhmeb¯nse Iem]s¯¡pdn¨v tI«v ]mªv hóp. ssk\ym[n]³ epknbmkv, ]utemkns\ ASn¡póXv XSbpIbpw hne§psh¨v At±ls¯ tIm«bnte¡v FSp¯p sImïpt]mIbpw sNbvXp. P\¡q«w Bib¡pg¸¯nembncpóXn\mð Iam³UÀ At±ls¯ _mcm¡pIfnð sImïpt]mbn tNmZyw sNbvXp. tIm«bpsS IhmS¯n\I¯v ]utemkv ssk\ym[n]s\ {Ko¡nð A`nkwt_m[\ sNbvXp. Ipsd \mÄ ap¼v CuPn]vXnð \nópw hóv 4000 A\pbmbnIsf acp`qanbnð Iq«n sbcpiteante¡v amÀ¨v sNbvX I]S {]hmNI\mWv AsXóv sXÁn²cn¨ncpó ssk\ym[n]³, ]utemkv {Ko¡nð A`nhmZyw sN¿póXptI«v BÝcys¸«p. Xm³ InenIybnð XÀskmkv Fó {]kn²\Kc¯nse tdma³ s]uc\mtbmcp sblqZ³ BIpóp Fóv s]utemkv ssk\ym[n]\v kzbw ]cnNbs¸Sp¯n, P\¡q«s¯ A`nkwt_m[\ sN¿m³ A\phmZw tNmZn¨p. ssk\ym[n]³ A\paXn \ðIn.

At´mWnb tIm«bpsS tImhWn¸Snbnð \nóv ]utemkv, InenIybnse XÀskmknð hfÀó Hcp blqZs\ó \nebnð F{_mb `mjbnð Xsâ ]Ým¯ehpw, dºn Kamentben\p IognepÅ hnZym`ymkhpw hnhcn¨p. Zakvs¡mknte¡pÅ hgnbnse Xsâ ]cnhÀ¯\¯nsâ km£yhpw, sbcpitew hn«v hnPmXnbtcmSv km£yw hln¡m³ tbip XtómSv ]dªXpw hniZoIcn¨p. Fómð P\w, "C§s\¯hs\ `qanbnð \nóp \o¡n¡fI; Ah³ Pohn¨ncn¡póXp tbmKyañ' Fóv IqInhnfn¨v A«lkn¨p. Fómð ]utemknsâ {]kwKw tI«psImïncpó ]coiòmcpw kZqIycpw X½nð `nóXbpïmbn, k` hn`Pn¡s¸«p. P\w BÀ¯psImïncpóXn\mð, kwKXn F´p Fóp AdntbïXnóp ZÞ\w sNbvXv tNmZyw sN¿m³ ]utemkns\ tIm«bnte¡p sImïp t]mIphm³ ssk\ym[n]³ Iev]n¨p. Xsó hmdpsImïp sI«pt¼mÄ s]utemkv AcnsI \nð¡pó Hm^oktdmSv: tdma s]uc\pw hnkvXmcw Ignbm¯h\pamb a\pjys\ N½«n sImïp ASn¡póXp icntbm Fóp tNmZn¨p. ]utemkv tdmam ]uc³ Fódnªv ]c{`m´cmb ssk\ym[n]À At±ls¯ hn«b¨p. F¦nepw A{Iamkàamb tImeles¯¯pSÀóv, ssk\ym[n]³ epknbmkv, ]utemknsâ Pohs\ `bóv, kmbp[ AI¼SntbmsS, 60 ssað hS¡v cïp Znhks¯ bm{Xm ZpcapÅ ssIkcybnð, tdma³ KhÀ®À s^enIvknsâ ap¼msI hmZw tIÄ¡m³ Hcp I¯pw sImSp¯v Ab¨p. s^enIvkv I¯p hmbn¨n«v hmZnIfpw IqsS hóp tNcpt¼mÄ \nsó hnkvXcn¡mw Fóp ]dªv sltcmZmhns³d BØm\¯nð ]utemkns\ hnNmcW XShpImc\mbn IkvÁSnbnð kq£n¡m³ D¯chn«p.

hnkvXmc XShpImc\mbn ]utemkv ssIkcybnð:
Aôp Znhkw Ignªv alm]ptcmlnX\mb A\\ymkv, aq¸òmtcbpw sXÀ¯psñmkv Fó Hcp A`n`mjIt\bpw Iq«n ssIkcybnð t^enIvknsâ tImSXnbnð F¯n. sblqZòmcpsS CSbnð Ielapïm¡pIbpw ssZhmebw Xoïn¸m³ {ian¡pIbpw sNbvXp Fóv s]utemkns³d t\sc A\ymbw t_m[n¸n¨p. AXn\v ]utemkv, Xm³ sbcqiteanð \akv¡cn¸m³ t]mbn«p ]{´ïp Znhk¯nð A[nIambnñ Fópw ssZhmeb¯ntem ]ÅnIfntem \Kc§fntem sh¨p BtcmSpw hmZn¡tbm Ielw Dïm¡pItbm sN¿póXmbn AhÀ Fsó Iïn«nñ, Fópw FXnÀhmZw Dóbn¨p. ]utemknsâ t\scbpÅ A\ymbw sXfnbn¡m³ AhÀ¡p Ignªnñ. Ccp hmZ§fpw tI«tijw t^enIvkv, epknbmkv ssk\ym[n]³ hó tijw Imcy¯n\p XoÀ¸pïm¡mw Fóp ]dªv tIkv Ah[n¡p sh¨p. Ipsd Znhk§Ä Ignªv t^enIvkv sblqZ kv{Xobmb Xs³d `mcy {Zpknñbpambn hóp, s]utemkns\ hcp¯n {InkvXptbiphnepÅ hnizmks¯¡pdn¨p {]kwKw tI«p. Fómð s]utemkv \oXn, C{µnbPbw, hcphm\pÅ \ymbhn[n Fónhsb¡pdn¨p kwkmcn¡pt¼mÄ t^enIvkv `bs¸«v: Xð¡mew t]mImw; Ahkcw DÅt¸mÄ \nsó hnfn¸n¡mw Fóp ]dªp. ]utemkv Xsâ tamN\¯n\mbn ssI¡qen \ðIpw Fóv AgnaXn¡mc\mb t^enIvkv IcpXn tIkv \o«ns¡mïpt]mbn. cïv hÀj§Ä¡ptijw t^enIvknóp ]n³hmgnbmbn s]mÀs¡ymkv s^kvsXmkv hót¸mÄ t^enIvkv sblqZòmcpsS {]oXn k¼mZnt¡Ww Fóp sh¨p s]utemkns\ XShpImc\mbn hnt«¨p t]mbn.

\hmKX\mb KhÀ®À s^kvsXmkv, hóv aqóp Znhkw Ignªv tbcpiteanð kulrZ kµÀi\w \S¯n. alm]ptcmln\pw aÁv sblqZòmcpw ]utemkns\ hgnbnð sh¨p h[n¡m³ ]²Xnbn«v, ]utemkns\Xnsc \ne\nð¡pó hyhlmcw ssIkcybnð \nóv tbcpiteante¡v amÁWsaóv KhÀ®À¡v At]£ \ðIn. Fómð s^kvsXmkv AhcpsS At]£ XÅn; ssIkcybnte¡v aS§n. Ipsd Znhkw Ignªv blqZybnse A{Kn¸mcmPmhpw s_Àóo¡cmÚnbpw HutZymInI kµÀi\¯n\v ssIkcybnð KhÀ®dpsS sIm«mc¯nð F¯n. s^kvsXmkv, ap³ KhÀ®À t^enIvkv hnt«¨pt]mb ]utemkv Fó hnkvXmc XShpImcs\¡pdn¨v A{Kn¸m cmPmhnt\mSv hniZambn kwkmcn¨p. kz´ aXs¯¡pdn¨pw Pohn¨ncn¡póp Fóp s]utemkv ]dbpó acn¨p t]mb tbip Fsómcphs\¡pdn¨pw DÅ Nne XÀ¡kwKXnIfmbXn\mð, C§s\bpÅ hnjb§fnð hnNmcW \St¯ïXp F§s\sbóp X\n¡v AdnbmbvIbmð; A{Kn¸mcmPmhn\v sbcpiteante¡p sImïpt]mbn AhnsS Cu kwKXnIsf¡pdn¨p hnkvXmcw \S¯m³ k½Xaptïm Fóp Bcmªp. ]utemknsâ {]kwKw tIÄ¡m³ A{Kn¸mcmPmhv B{Klw {]ISn¸n¨p. ]nsä Znhkw A{Kn¸mhp s_Àóo¡bpambn hfsc BUw_ct¯msS hóp. tk\m]XnItfmSpw \Kc¯nse {][m\nItfmSpw IqsS hnNmcWaÞ]¯nð s^kvsXmkns³d kmón²y¯nð ]utemknsâ {]kwKw tI«p. Xo£vWXbpÅ blqZ\mbncpó Xm³ F§s\ ]cnhÀ¯\w sN¿s¸«pshópw tbip \ymb{]amW{]Imchpw {]hmNI hN\{]Imchpw blqZòmÀ Im¯ncpó ainlm BsWópw, ]utemkv cmPkZÊnð {]mKÛyt¯msS {]kwKn¨p ]utemknsâ {]kwKw tI«v s^kvsXmkv: s]utemtk, \n\¡p {`m´pïp; hnZym_lpXz¯mð \n\¡p {`m´p ]nSn¨ncn¡póp Fóp Dds¡ ]dªp. Fómð, blqZòmcpsS \ymb{]amW§sf¡pdn¨v \ñ ]cnÚm\apïmbncpó A{Kn¸cmPmhv ]utemknsâ {]kwKw {i²tbmsS tI«p, ]utemknsâ hmZapJ§sf A\pIqen¨p. Fómð ]utemkv CXn\Iw, Xm³ ssIkcpsS \ymbmk\¯nóp ap¼msI \nev¡pIbmð AhnsS Xsó hnkvXcnt¡ïXmIpóp Fóv ssIksc A`bw sNmñnbncpóp. ssIksc A`bw sNmñnbncpónsñ¦nð ]utemkns\ hn«bbv¡mambncpóp Fóv A{Kn¸cmPmhv A`n{]mbs¸«p. s^kvsXmkv, Xsâ \nba D]tZãm¡òmcpsS D]tZiw tXSnbtijw, ]utemkv tdmanð ssIkÀ N{IhÀ¯n Xncpa\Ênsâ ap¼nð t]mIpóXphsc XShnð XpScm³ D¯chn«p.

]utemknsâ CÁenbnte¡pÅ bm{X:
ssIkcybnð hnkvXmc XShpImc\mbncpó ]utemkns\ CÁenbnte¡v amÁphm\pÅ Ið¸\ Bbt¸mÄ, At±lt¯bpw aäp Nne XShpImscbpw HuKpkvXy ]«mf¯nse iXm[n]\mb bqensbmknsâ kwc£Wbnð Hcp A{Zap¯y I¸enð IbÁn bm{X ]pds¸«p. sXÊsem\n¡bnð \nópÅ as¡tZm\y¡mc\mb AcnkvXÀslmkpw IqsS Dïmbncpóp. Gjy hgnbpÅ bm{Xbnð ]nsÁ Znhkw AhÀ kotZm\nð F¯n. Iam³UÀ bqensbmkv s]utemknt\mSp Zb ImWn¨p, kvt\lnXòmcpsS ASp¡ð t]mbn kð¡mcw kzoIcn¨psImÅm³ A\phZw sImSp¯p. InenIy ]w^pey ISð ISóv ep¡nbbnse apdm¸«W¯nð F¯nbt¸mÄ aptóm«pÅ bm{X, CÁenbnte¡p t]mIpó thsdmcp AeIvkm{´nb I¸ente¡v amÁn. Imäp {]XnIqeamIbmð I¸ð bm{X ZpjvIcambncpóp. ioXImeamIpt¼mtg¡pw s^mbv\ojybnð F¯mw Fóv AhÀ B{Kln¨v ¹m³ sNbvXncpóp. Fómð Ipsd Ignªt¸mÄ Cuim\aqe³ Fó iàamb sImSp¦mäp ASn¨p; I¸ð XIÀópt]mIpsaóv AhÀ IcpXn. F¦nepw I¸en\v AñmsX aÁv BcptSbpw Poh\v A]ISw DïmIbnsñóv BßZÀi\¯nð a\Ênem¡nb ]utemkv klbm{XnIsc Bizkn¸n¨v ss[cys¸Sp¯n ]Xn\mep Znhkw Poh`b¯mð Almcw Hópw Ign¡mXncpó Ccp\qsägp]¯mdp bm{X¡msc ]utemkv s[cys¸Sp¯n \nÀºÔn¨v `£Ww Ign¸n¨p. ]utemkn\p e`n¨ ZÀi\w t]mse Xsó I¸ð A]ISw IqSmsX saen¯ Fó Zz]n\Sp¯v Dd¨p. \o´m³ AdnbpóhÀ \o´nbpw Añm¯hÀ ]eI IjW§Ä D]tbmKn¨pw Icbnð F¯n. HutZymKnIambn Cóv dn¸»n¡v Hm^v amÄ« [ Replublic Of Malta ] Fódnbs¸Spó, CÁen¡p sX¡v 50 ssað Zqc¯nð ØnXnsN¿pó saUnÁtd\nb³ ISense Zzo]v kaqlw saen¯ Fóv Adnbs¸«ncpóp.

s]utemkv tdmanð:
B Zzo]nð Xmakn¨ncpó BZnhmkn kaqlw hfsc ZbtbmsS s]cpamdn, agbpw ssiXyhpw \nan¯w XoIq«n Ahsc kzoIcn¨p. s]utemkv Ipsd hndIp s]dp¡n Xobnð C«t¸mÄ Hcp AWen NqSp \nan¯w ]pds¸«p At±l¯nsâ ssI¡p]nSn¨p ]än. BZnhmknIÄ AXpIïv AhcpsS AÔhnizmk{]Imcw ]utemkv Ipe]mXI³ Fóv kwibn¨p. ]utemkv B]s¯mópw kw`hn¡msX B P´phns\ Xobnð IpSªp Ifªp. AXn\ptijw ]utemkv Hcp ssZh]pcpj³ Fóv B \m«pImscñmw hnizkn¨p. B Øe¯ns³d kao]¯p ]p»nsbmkv Fó Zzo]p {]amWn¡p Hcp Pò`qan Dïmbncpóp; At±lw ]utemkns\bpw Iq«tcbpw kzoIcn¨v aqóp Znhkw BZcthmsS AXnYnkð¡mcw sNbvXp. ]\nbpw AXnkmchpw ]nSn¨p InS¸nembncpó ]p»nsbmkns³d A¸s\ s]utemkv ssIsh¨p {]mÀ°n¨p skuJyw hcp¯n. CXp Iïv Zzo]nse aäp Zo\¡mcpw hóp skuJyw {]m]n¨p. aqóp amkw Ignªv Aiz\n Nnlv\aptÅmcp AeIvkm{´nb I¸enð Ibdn AhÀ tdmante¡v ]pds¸«p, kpd¡qkbnð Isc¡nd§n aqóp Znhkw Xmakn¨p. knknen Zzo]nse Ncn{X]cambn {]m[m\yapÅ \KcamWv Hcp CÁmenb³ {]hniybpsS XeØm\amb kpd¡qkv. {]kn² KWnXimkv{XÚ\mbncpó BÀ¡nsaUoknsâ PòØeamWv CXv. ]pcmX\ Ime¯v saUnÁtd\nb³ temI¯nse {]apJ iàntI{µ§fnð Hómbncpóp kpd¡qkv.

kpd¡qkbnð \nóv AhÀ tcsKym³, ]psXymen hgn tdmanð F¯n. tdmanse ktlmZcòmÀ ]utemkv tdmante¡p hcpóp Fó hmÀ¯ tI«v kt´mjn¨v AhÀ ]psXymenbnð F¯nbt¸mÄ Xsó At±ls¯ A`nhmZyw sN¿phm³ B¸nb³ sslthbnte¡v [ Appean Highway ] ]pds¸«p. Hcp kwLw A]y]pc¯nepw [ Forum of Appius ] asÁmcp kwLw {XnaÞ]¯nepw [ Three Taverns ] Im¯p\nóv Ahsc FXntcäp kzoIcn¨p. ]pcmX\ tdma³ dn¸»n¡nse Hcp {][m\ tdmUmbncpóp B.C. 312 ð \nÀ½n¨ B¸nb³ sslth [ Appean Highway ]. CXv tdmans\ sX¡p Ing¡³ CÁenbnse {_nïnknbpambn tbmPn¸n¡póp. ssk\nI hnXcW¯n\pÅ {][m\ hgnbmbncpóp CXv. tdmanð \nóv sX¡pIng¡mbn 43 ssað Zqc¯nð ØnXn sN¿pó B¸nb³ sslth bnse Hcp {][m\ hgn¯mhfamWv A]y]pcw [ Forum of Appius ]. B¸nb³ sslthbnð Xsó A]y]pc¯p\nóv 6 ssað Zpc¯nð ØnXnsN¿pó asÁmcp {]kn² hgn¯mhfamWv {XnaÞ]w [ Three Taverns ]. tdmanse ktlmZcòmsc Iïn«p s]utemkv ssZhs¯ hmgv¯n ss[cyw {]m]n¨p. tdmabnð X\n¡p Imhemb ]SbmfntbmSp IqsS ho«pXS¦enð Ignbm³ s]usemknóp A\phmZw In«n. Hcp Znhkw \nÝbn¨v [mcmfwt]À At±l¯nsâ XmakØe¯v F¯n; cmhnse XpS§n kÔyhsc ssZhcmPys¯¡pdn¨pÅ ]utemknsâ km£y{]kwKw {ihn¨p. Xsó IcpXð XS¦enem¡nb hmSI sI«nS¯nð ]utemkv cïp hÀjw Xmakn¨p. C¡mea{Xbpw ]utemkv ]qÀ® {]mKÛyt¯msS hnLv\w IqSmsX ssZhcmPyw {]kwKn¨pw IÀ¯mhmb tbip{InkvXphns\¡pdn¨p D]tZin¨pw t]móp.

Imcm{Kl teJ\§Ä:
]mc¼cy hnizmka\pkcn¨v Ft^kyÀ, sImsemkyÀ, ^ntetam³, ^nen¸yÀ Fón teJ\§Ä ]utemknsâ tdma³ hnkvXmc XShv kab¯v FgpXnbn«pÅhbmWv. Ft^kyÀs¡gpXnb teJ\¯nsâ Ømbnbmb {]tabw, "{InkvXym\nIsf ]ckv]cw H¯ptNcpI! {InkvXp Xsâ acW¯neqsS t\SnsbSp¯ sFIyw \ne\nÀ¯pI.' FóXmWv. ]utemkpw XnsamsYtbmkpw tNÀóv Hcp {^nPnb³ \Kcamb sImsemkybnse k`bv¡v FgpXnb teJ\amWv sImsemky teJ\w. ]utemkv kµÀin¨n«nñm¯ Hcp k`sbbmWv teJ\¯nð A`nkwt_m[\ sN¿póXv. ^nen¸nbÀ¡pÅ teJ\¯nsâ cNbnXmhv ]utemkpw klcNbnXmhv XnsamsYtbmkpw BWv. sImsemky k`bnse Hcp {]apJ\mb ^ntetam\v ]utemkv XnsamsYtbmkns\m¸w FgpXnb Imcm{Kl teJ\amWv ^ntetam\v FgpXnb teJ\w. £a, A\pcRvP\w Fón hnjb§Ä teJ\¯nð {]Xn]mZn¡póp.

]utemknsâ XpSÀópÅ bm{Xsb¡pdn¨pÅ hnhc§Ä As¸mkvXe{]hÀ¯nIfnð \nópw \ap¡v e`n¡pónñ. ]utemknsâ teJ\§fnð \nópÅ kpN\IÄ am{Xsa e`yambn«pÅp. tdmanse cïp hÀjs¯ ho«pXS¦en\ptijw tdmanse tImSXnbnð \nópw X\n¡p A\pIqeambn hn[n e`n¨p Fóp XnsamsYtbkn\v FgpXnb cïmw teJ\¯nð kpN\ e`n¡póp. "Fs³d Hómw {]XnhmZ¯nð Bcpw F\n¡p XpW \nónñ; Fñmhcpw Fsó ssIhn«p; AXp AhÀ¡p IW¡nSmXncn¡s«. IÀ¯mthm F\n¡p XpW \nóp {]kwKw Fsós¡mïp \nhÀ¯n¸m\pw kIe PmXnIfpw tIĸm\pw Fsó iàoIcn¨p; A§s\ Rm³ knwl¯ns³d hmbnð \nóp c£ {]m]n¨p. (2 XosamsYsbmkv 4:16þ17) AXn\ptijw tamNnX\mb ]utemkv Xsâ anjy\dn bm{Xbpw kphntij tLmjWhpw XpSÀópw \S¯nbncpópshópw Xsâ teJ\§fnse ]e ]cmaÀi\§fnð \nópw \ap¡v hnizkn¡mw. 1 XnsasYtbmkv, Xot¯mkv Fón teJ\§Ä Cu ImebfhnemWv cNn¨sXóv hnizkn¡s¸Spóp. Cu cïp teJ\§fpw hyànIÄs¡gpXnb CSb teJ\§fmWv. ]utemkv kvs]bn³ kµÀin¨Xmbn ]mc¼cy hnizmkapïv; F¦nepw ss__nfnð CXv ]cmaÀin¨n«nñ.

]utemknsâ anjy\dn bm{X {]hÀ¯\§Ä tdmanse Xsâ cïmas¯ AdkvtÁmSpIqSn Ahkm\n¨p Fóv hnizkn¡s¸Spóp. At±ls¯ amsaÀss«³ [ Mamertine ] Pbnenð _Ô\Ø\m¡n. t\cs¯ kz´w hoSpIfnð ho«pXS¦enð ]mÀ¸n¨ncpóXnt\¡mÄ ITn\ambncpóp s]mXp Pbnense PohnXw. Xsâ Ahkm\w ASp¯pshóv ]utemkn\v t_m²yapïmbncpóp. "Rmt\m Ct¸mÄ Xtó ]m\obbmKambn Hgn¡s¸Spóp; Fs³d \ncymWImehpw ASp¯ncn¡póp.' (2 XosamsYsbmkv 4:6) eqt¡mkpw Hs\knt^mdkpw At±ls¯ Pbnenð ]cnNcn¨p F¦nepw aÁp ]ecpw Dt]£n¨p. "eqs¡mkv am{Xta FtómSpIqsS DÅp; aÀt¡mkv F\n¡p ip{iqj¡mbn D]tbmKapÅh³ BIbmð Ahs\ Iq«ns¡mïp hcnI. (2 XosamsYsbmkv 4:11) "]et¸mgpw Fsó XWp¸n¨h\mb Ht\kns^mscmkns³d IpSpw_¯nóp IÀ¯mhp IcpW \ðIpamdmIs«. Ah³ Fs³d N§esb¡pdn¨p eÖn¡msX Rm³ tdmabnð F¯nb DSs\ Xmev]cyt¯msS Fsó Xncªp Isï¯pIbpw sNbvXp.' (2 XosamsYsbmkv 1:16þ17)

]utemkv tdmanse Xsâ cïmw Imcm{Klhmk kab¯v FgpXnb teJ\amWv XnsamsYtbmkn\p FgpXnb cïmw teJ\w. As¸mkvXe³ FgpXnb Ahkm\s¯ teJ\amWv CXv. tdmanse {InkvXym\nIÄs¡Xnsc {]tIm]nX\mbncpó \otdm N{IhÀ¯n ]utemkns\ inctÑZw sNbvXpshóv ]mc¼cyw hnizkn¡póp. A§s\ IÀ¯mhmb tbip{InkvXphn\pthïn Poh³ sh¨p sImSp¯ As¸mkvXe\mb hnip² ]utemkv Fó bpK]pcpj³ càkm£n acWw {]m]n¨p.

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