thZ¯nse hnip²\mSv tIhew Hcp hnizmktam cNn¡s¸« Hcp IYbpsS ]Ým¯etam Añ, adn¨v \ap¡v AdnbmhpóXpw ]cnNnXhpamb `qanbnse Hcp bYmÀ° `q`mKamWv. thZ]pkvXIw bYmÀ° kw`h§fptSbpw, Pohn¨ncpó bYmÀ° a\pjycptSbpw, `qanbnse bYmÀ° Øe§fptSbpw kXykÔamb Ncn{XtcJbmWv. Npcp¡n ]dªmð, a\pjy\v ImWs¸SpóXpw ImWs¸Sm¯Xpamb kÀÆ temIt¯bpw, _Ôs¸« FñmÁnt\bpw krjvSn¨ AXncpISó ssZh¯nsâ ktµiamWv AXv. ssZh¯nsâ CSs]Sð Hcp AaqÀ¯amb coXnbneñ adn¨v bYmÀ° BfpItfbpw ]qÀ®Xsbbpw DÄs¡mÅpó aqÀ¯amb hgnIfnemWv. hnip² tZiamb C{kmtbð XmcXtay\ sNdpsX¦nepw, AXv Ncn{X¯nð henb kzm[o\w sNep¯póp FóXv \nÊwibambpw ssZh¯nsâ klhmkw \nan¯amWv. C{kmbnensâ {]m[m\yw hÀ²n¡póXv kXyssZh¯nsâ XncsªSp¸pw CSs]Sepw aqeamWv.

{InkvXphn\v GItZiw 622 hÀjw ap¼v Pohn¨ncpó sbsltkvIð {]hmNI³ apJm´ncw ssZhw Acpfns¨bvXp: "btlmhbmb IÀ¯mhp C{]Imcw Acpfns¨¿póp: CXp sbcpitew BIpóp; Rm³ AXns\ PmXnIfpsS at²y sh¨ncn¡póp; AXn\p Npäpw cmPy§Ä Dïp.' (sbsltkvIð 5:5) Cw¥ojv hymJym\w Að¸w IqSn hyàX hcp¯ppïv. "Thus says the Lord GOD, This is Jerusalem; I have set her at the center of the nations, with lands around her". (Ezekiel 5:5)

C{kmtbensâ s]mXp Øm\w ]cntim[n¨mð Gjy, bqtdm¸v, B{^n¡ Fóo aqóv `qJÞ§fpsS Ic¸meambn«mWv ( Hub ) \ne sImÅpóXv.

Fertile Crescent:
thZ¯nse hnip² \mSmb C{ktbens\ IqSpXð ASp¯dnbpóXn\p ap¼v saskms¸mt«anbtbmSp tNÀópÅ ]pcmX\ Near East `q{]tZi§sf Ipdn¨v Að¸w AdntbïXpïv. ]pcmX\Imes¯ Cu `qhn`mK§fpsS Iq«"v {]tZis¯ Fertile Crescent (^e`qbnjvTamb N{µ¡e) FómWv Adnbs¸«ncpóXv. N{µ¡ebpsS BIrXnbnepÅ Cu `q`mK¯nð B[p\nI KÄ^v cmPy§Ä, kndnb, XpÀ¡n, C{kmtbð Chsbñmw DÄs¸Spóp. ]pXpXmbn hfÀ¯nb kky§sf hnfIfmbn hfÀ¯póXn\mbn BfpIÄ {]IrXnZ¯ kky§sf \o¡w sN¿póXn\pw ]cnjvIcn¡pXn\papÅ {]{Inb Bcw`n¨tXmsS KmÀlnI IrjnIfnð ]ptcmKa\w t\Snb BZys¯ {]tZiamWv Fertile Crescent. Fóp hnizkn¡s¸Spóp. saskms¸m«mabnse kpaÀ t]msebpÅ BZyIme a\pjy \mKcnIXIÄ AXnsâ ^eambn cq]s¸«p. hSs¡ B{^n¡¡pw bptdjybv¡pw CSbnepÅ Hcp ]mew Fó \nebnð Cu {]tZiw `qanimkv{X]cambn hfsc {]m[m\yapÅXmWv.

Fertile Crescent {]tZiw t]Àjy³ DÄ¡Senð \nóv hS¡v ssS{Kokv, bq{^«okv \ZoXS§fneqtSbpw XpSÀóv Ing¡³ saUnÁtd\nb³ kap{Z¯nsâ XoctZi¯neqsSbpw hym]n¡póp. Irjn Dð¸mZ\¯n\v \ZnIfnð \ntóm agbnð \ntóm Bhiy¯n\v shÅw e`n¡pó \mSmWnXv. Fertile Crescent cïp hyXykvX `q`mK§Ä DÄs¡mÅpóXmWv.

1. Mesopotamian Region:
   bq{^«okn\pw ssS{Kokn\pw CSbnepÅ `q{]tZiamWv CXv. kndnb³, _m_ntemWnb³ km{amPy§fpsS tI{µambncpóp.
2. Levant:
   Ing¡³ saUnÁtd\nb³ ISðXocamWv Levant. Cu hm¡nsâ AÀ°w DbÀó {]tZiw FómWv. IpópIfpw XmgvhcIfpw ]oT`qanIfpw ]ÀÆX§fpw ChbpsS khntijXbmWv. A{_lmansâ Ime¯v I\m³ Fóp hnfn¨ncpó C{kmtbð sX¡p Levant sâ `mKamWv.

saskms¸m«mabnð \nóv I\m\nte¡pÅ A{_lmansâ IpSntbÁw Fertile Crescent HcÁw apXð asÁ AÁw hsc ASbmfs¸Sp¯póp. hnizmknIfpsS ]nXmhpw At\I PmXnIfpsS ]nXmhpamb A{_lmapw Ahsâ ]nXmhmb tXclpw BImihpw `qanbpw krjvSn¨ kXy ssZhs¯ Bcm[n¨phóp. krjvSmhnsâ Øm\¯v krjvSnsb `Pn¨ hn{Klmcm[\bv¡p Ip{]kn²amb saskms¸m«mabnse IðZbcpsS Ducnð\nópw AhnSs¯ P\§fnð \nópw ASÀ¯nsbSp¯v hmKvZ¯ tZiamb ^e`qbnjvTamb sehânsâ lrZbambncpó, ]mepw tX\pw HgpIpó I\m\nte¡v B\bn¨p.

btlmhbpw A{_mapw X½nepÅ DS¼Sn {]Imcw hmKvZ¯\mSnâ hym]vXn CuPn]vXnse ss\ð \Zn apXð saskms¸mt«anbbnse bq{^«okv \Zn hsc Bbncpóp. "Aóp btlmh A{_mant\mSp Hcp \nbaw sNbvXp: \ns³d k´Xn¡p Rm³ an{kbow \Zn XpS§n {^m¯v\Znbmb alm\Zn hscbpff Cu tZis¯,..... Xóncn¡póp Fóp Acpfns¨bvXp' (Dð¸¯n 15:18) Fómð ]gb\nba Ime¯v tPmÀ±m³ \Zn¡pw saUnÁtd\nb³ ISen\pw CSbnepÅ I\m³ tZisaómWv BZyw C{kmtbens\ hnfn¨ncpóXv. I\m³ tZiw XmcXtay\ sNdpXmbncpóp. ]nóoSv tbmiphbpsS t\XrXz¯nð C{kmtbeyÀ I\m³ \mSv IogS¡n C{kmtbense ]{´ïv tKm{X§Ä¡mbn hoXn¨p \ðInbt¸mÄ sam¯w hnkvXoÀ®w Ing¡v kndnbbnð \nóv 12000 NXpc{i ssað, ]Snªmdv saUnÁtd\mb³ ISð, hS¡v slÀtam³ ]ÀÆXw apXð sX¡v Atd_y³ acp`qan hsc Bbncpóp. ZmhoZv cmPmhnsâ Ime¯v tZiw hoïpw hn]peoIcn¡s¸«p.

"Zm³ apXð t_Àþti_m hsc' FóXv, ln{_p ss__nfnð C{ktbð tKm{X§fpsS IpSntbÁ {]tZi§sf ]cmaÀin¡m³ D]tbmKn¨n«pÅ Hcp ]Z{]tbmKw BWv. "Zm³apXð t_Àþti_mhsc Dff bn{kmtbsems¡bpw iaqthð btlmhbpsS hnizkvX{]hmNI³ Fóp {Kln¨p.' (1 iapthð 3:20) "itemtams³d Imes¯ms¡bpw sblqZbpw bn{kmtbepw Zm³apXð t_Àþti_hscbpw Hmtcmcp¯³ Xm´ms³d ap´ncnhffnbpsS Iognepw A¯nhr£¯ns³d Iognepw \nÀ`bw hkn¨p.' (1 cmPm¡òmÀ 4:25) C§s\ H³]Xp {]mhiyw Cu Phrase ss__nfnð ]cmaÀin«pïv. slÀtam³ ]ÀÆX¯n\Sp¯pÅ, thZ¯nse bn{kmtbð cmPy¯nsâ hSt¡ AÁ¯pÅ \Kcambncpóp Zm³. ]gb\nbaImes¯ GÁhpw sX¡p `mK¯mWv t_Àþti_. tamdnb aebnð Dt]£n¡s¸« bnkvlm¡nsâ bmK¯n\ptijw A{_mlmw _mey¡mcpsS ASp¡ð aS§nhóp; AhÀ Hón¨p ]pds¸«p t_Àþti_bnte¡p t]móp; A{_mlmw t_Àþti_bnð ]mÀ¯p. (Dð¸¯n 22:19)

]pWy`qambmb bn{ktbepw C´ybpsS sXs¡ AÁs¯ sNdnb kvtÁÁmb tIcfhpw X½nð `qanimkv{X]camb LS\bnð hfsc kmayapïv. cïpw hS¡p apXð sX¡p hsc \oïpw Ing¡p apXð ]Snªmdp hsc saenªpw DÅ `q{]IrXnbmWpÅXv. cïn\pw ]Snªmsd AÁ¯mbn \oï ISð¯ocapïv. bn{ktbensâ ]Snªmdmbn saUnÁtd\nb³ kap{Zhpw tIcf¯nsâ ]Snªmdmbn Atd_y³ kap{ZhpamWpÅXv. thZ¯nse bn{kmtbensâ AXncpIÄ ImemIme§fnð hyXykvXambncpóp. tkmfa³ cmPmhn\ptijw hS¡³ bn{kmtbð sX¡³ blpZy, C§s\ cïmbn hn`Pn¨ tijapÅ bn{kmtbensâ hnkvXrXn tIcf¯nsâ hnkvXrXntb¡mÄ Ipdhmbncpóp. tIcf¯nsâ hnkvXoÀ®w 15005 NXpc{i ssað (38863 NXpc{i IntemaoÁÀ) BWv. AtXkabw {]kvXpX kabs¯ bn{kmtbensâ hnkvXoÀ®w 12000 NXpc{i ssað (27869 NXpc{i IntemaoÁÀ) ð Ipdhmbncpóp. tIcf kwØm\¯nsâ \ofw 360 ssað (580 IntemaoÁÀ) BsW¦nð hnip² \mSnsâ \ofw 300 ssaenð Xmsg Bbncpóp. [Ref: Britanica and Wikipedia]

	Chapter 2 - Mountains in the Biblical Holy Land

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