temIc£I\mb tbipainlmbpsS Imð¸mZ§fmepw AXnib {]hÀ¯nIfmepw temI¯n³ ]m]§sf \o¡n¡fbpó Znhy IpªmSnsâ Poh_enbmepw ip²oIcn¡s¸«Xpamb DuÀtÇw ]«Whpw AXnð Øm]n¨n«pÅ hnetbdnb amWnIy§fmIpó IÀ¯mhnsâ I_À apXemb ]cnip² Øe§fpw kµÀin¨v A\p{Kl§sf {]m]n¡Wsaóv hfsc¡meambn \½nð B{Klw P\n¨ncpóp. DuÀtÇanse \n. h. Zn. {io. amÀ {KotKmdntbmkv _mh apXemb ]e ]nXm¡òmcpsS Fgp¯pIÄ Cu B{Kls¯ hÀ²n¸n¨pw hóncpóp. F¦nepw Cu A`ojvS km²y¯n\v {]Xn_Ô§fmbn ]e ImcW§fpw XpSsc XpSsc t\cn«ncpóXn\mð Ah[n Ipd¨phcpt¼mÄ ]cnip² ]nXmhmb aqómas¯ ]t{Xmkv CKv\m¯ntbmkv ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mh Xncpa\Ênse tZlhntbmKs¯¡pdn¨v In«nb hyk\Icamb hÀ¯am\w \½psS ]cam{Kls¯ Ipsd Imet¯¡v £bn¸n¨p Ifªp. Fómepw acWw hr²òmsc Fót]mse bphm¡tfbpw ]nSnIqSpó Hcp Zbbnñm¯ {Iqc\msWó HmÀ½ \½psS ]pd¸mSns\ s]s«óv t{]mÕmln¸n¡bmð GXp {]Imchpw 1895þse Iãm\p`h BgvNbnð hnip² Øe¯v F¯Wsaóv \nÝbn¨p.

\n. h. Zn. {io. amÀ Zohómkntbmkv sa{Xmt¸men¯m AhÀItfbpw ktlmZcòmcmb tijw ta𸫡mtcbpw hnhcw Fgp¯paqew {Kln¸n¡bpw ae¦cbpÅ ]ÅnIfnð {]kn²s¸Sp¯pIbpw sNbvXp. A`qX]qÀÆamb Cu bm{Xbv¡v Ahiyw At]£nXamb Hcp¡¯n\v kabw aXmbmbncpónñ. F¦nepw Dïmbncpó Að¸Ime¯n\nSbnð dmón, ssae{], Ip¼g, am¡mwIpóv, HañqÀ, hmgap«w, Nµ\¸Ån, ssI¸«qÀ, Xp¼a¬, I®³tImSv, IS¼\mSv, IñS, ImbwIpfw, amthen¡c, ]pXnbImhv, Sn ]p¯³]Ån, tXm\bv¡mSv, Xncphñ, Iñq¸md, Iñnticn, \ncWw, hfªh«w, shfnb\mSv, ta{] ]p¯³]Ån, \newt]cqÀ, Ipdn¨n, ]pXp¸Ån, tIm«bw, apf´pcp¯n, Iï\mSv, Icn§{i, Xr¸qWn¯pd, sIm¨n, {imbn, ]gªn, Nmeticn Cu ]ÅnIfnð \mw Xsó kôcn¡bpw, aWÀImSv, ]md¼pg, ao\Sw, tXm«bv¡mSv, Atôcn, ]pXptÈcn, \meóm¡ð, Nnt§m\w, ]Åw, ]m¡nð, IpacIw, hmI¯m\w, Iñp¦{X, Be¸pg (sImñmSv), sN§fw IpówIpfw Cu ]ÅnIfnð \½psS ]ueqkv d¼m¨\pw, tImetôcn, ISaÁw, aghóqÀ, cmaawKew, am½eticn, s\¨qÀ, ]ndhw, apf¡fw, hSIc, ]me¡pg, amdm«nð, dm¡mSp, Imc¡pów, tImXawKe¯p henb]Ån, Sn sNdnb]Ån, tNemSv, aª{]m, A¦amen, AI¸d¼v, ]o¨m\nbv¡mSv, s]mbv¡m«pticn, Ipó¡pcpSn ]pÁpam\qÀ Cu ]ÅnIfnð \½psS injy³ IS¼n\n« ]p¯³]pcbv¡ð KohdpKokv I¯\mcpw km[\§tfmSpIqsS kôcn¡bpw Fñmhcpw iàn¡pw `àn¡pw X¡t]mse hgn]mSv apXembXv XcnIbpw sNbvXp. tað¸dª ]ÅnIsf IqSmsX sX¡pw hS¡papÅ aÁp ]Ån¡mcpw Ið¸\b\pkcn¨v hgn]mSpIfpw ssIap¯pw sImïphóv XcnIbpw sImSp¯b¡bpw sNbvXp.

C§s\ sam¯¯nð \½psS bm{X¨nehpw IpÀºm\ hgn]mSv hIbpw DÄs¸sS A¿mbnc¯nð]cw cq]m \½psS kapZmb¯nð \nópw aqóp amk¡me¯n\pÅnð ]ncnªpIn«n. atÁmtcm kwKXnIÄ¡v {ZhytiJcw sNbvhm³ Iïphcpó {]bmk§tfmSv CXns\ A\pcq]n¨mð hnip² Øe§fntòð \½psS kapZmb¯n\pÅ Akmam\y `àn {]Xy£s¸SpóXmIpóp.

CXn\nSbnð ]cpae kn½\mcn ]ÅnbpsS ]Wn¡pdhv XoÀónsñ¦nepw Cu ]ctZi bm{Xbv¡pap³]v AXnð IpÀºm\ sNmñWsaóv Hcp henb B{Klw \ap¡pïmbncpóp. 1895 aIcw 15þmw XobXn \n. h. Zn. {io. amÀ Zohómkntbmkv sa{Xmt¸men¯m AhdpItfmSp IqSn ]cpae ]Ån \mw IqZmi sNbvXp. ASp¯ Znhkw ]cpae \nóp \mw ]pds¸«p.

C§s\ 1895 Ipw`amkw 9þmw XobXn hymgmgvN At\ym\y hnem]t¯mSpw kvt\lNpw_\§tfmSpw Iq«n sIm¨nbnðsh¨v henb Xncpa\knse ASp¡ð \nópw bm{X ]ncnªp. Cu kab¯v R§Ä cïmfpIfpsSbpw IqsSbpïmbncpó \½psS P\§fpsSbpw hyk\w ]dªp [cn¸n¡phm³ X¡Xñmbncpóp.

\mw aebmf¯p Ahkm\w {]thin¨ ]Ån Nmeticnbmbncpóp. Ipw`w 18þmw XobXn ChnsS \nóv ]pds¸«v ]«m¼nð Xohïn Ibdn. \t½mSpIqSn ]utemkv sd¼m¨³, að¸m³ h«ticnð KohdpKokv I¯\mÀ, sX¡³ ]dhqÀ tXm¸nð eqt¡mkv tImdn, Xp¼a¬ Icn¦m«nð kvIdnb I¯\mÀ, IS¼n\« ]p¯³]pcbv¡ð KohdpKokv I¯\mÀ Fóo AômfpIÄ Dïmbncpóp. Chsc IqSmsX ioa¡mc³ Éo_m si½m¨s\bpw ]cpae tXm¸nð ]oent¸mkv Fó sIm¨t\bpw ap¼nð¡q«n t_mw¼mbn¡v Ab¨n«pïmbncpóp. kÀÆià\mb ssZh¯nsâ IcpWbnð am{Xw B{ibn¨psImïv R§Ä bm{X Bcw`n¨p. Ipw`w 21þmw XobXn t_mw¼mbn ssltkvÁj\nse¯n. t_mw¼mbnð Hcp hoSv i«w sI«phm³ Éo_m si½m¨s\ ap¼nðIq«n Ab¨ncpóp. XohïnkvtÁj\nð Abmfpw \mhpw, a³kqÀ Fóp cïv apkð¡mcpw R§sf FXntcð¸m³ lmPcpïmbncpóp. Chcnð \mhpw Ct¸mÄ NÀ¨vanjyt\mSv tNÀó Hcp D]tZinbmsW¦nepw P\\¯mð Hcp kpdnbm\n¡mc³ Bbncpóp. a³kqÀ IðZmb¡mc\pw I¸enð ]Wn¡mc\pas{X. t_mw¼mbnse AÀ½\mb ]Ånbnð R§Ä¡v Xmakn¸m³ Hcp Øew tNmZn¨n«p A\phZn¡mªXn\mð Hcp shÅ¡mcsâ Ae¦cn¡s¸« Hcp apdn Éo_m si½m¨³ Iqen¡v hm§n¨ncpóp. 21þmw XobXn apXð ao\w 5þmw XobXn hsc R§Ä Cu `h\¯nð Xmakn¨p.

R§Ä GÀs¸« I¸ð ImÀsKm (I¨hS) I¸ð BbncpóXn\mð X^mð I¸ðt]mse kab¢n]vXw CXn\nñmbncpóp. Cóp t]mIpw \msf t]mIpw Fóp ]dªv 7þmw XobXn hsc Xmakn¨p. ChÀ¡v BÄ GÀs¸Sp¯n sImSp¡pó hIbv¡v ZñmeòmÀ¡v Nne I½ojy³ ]XnhpÅXpsImïmWv tað¸dªXpt]mse aqibpw A_vZðdlam\pw X½nð Zñmð Øm\¯n\v XÀ¡apïmbXv. CXn\nSbnð UmIvSÀ R§fpsS tZl]cntim[\ sN¿psaópw AXn\v ]okpsïópw ]dªp. BÄ¡v Hcp cq]m hoXw 8 cq]m A_vZðdlam³ hm§n¨psImïpt]mbn. I¸ð ]pds¸« kabw UmIvSÀ R§sf ]cntim[n¡pIbpïmbn. F¦nepw ]okv AbmÄ¡p sNtñïtXm Zñmð A]lcn¨tXm Fóv kwibnt¡ïnbncn¡póp. 7þmw XobXn I¸ð \o¡psaóv Dd¸mbn. Zñmepw I¼\n¡mcpw ]dªX\pkcn¨v R§Ä kmam\§tfmSpIqSn XpdapJ¯v F¯n I¸n¯ms\ Iït¸mÄ I¸ð ASp¯ Znhkw am{Xta \o¡s¯mÅp Fóp tI«p. Iptd¡qSn R§Ä¡v CÑm`wKw Dïmbn. Cu AØncXsb¡pdn¨v aqkð¡mc³ \mhpw A_vZðdlam\pw X½nð iImchpw Ieiepw Dïmbn. ]ckv]cw Hópw cïpw {]lcWw \Sót¸mÄ \mw hfsc _p²nap«n kam[m\s¸Sp¯n. \mhpw Ct¸mÄ Cw¥ojpaX¯nð tNÀóp \S¡póp F¦nepw Ah\nepÅ kpdnbm càw R§sf hfsc kvt\ln¨p. hm¡phyXymkhpw R§fpsS CÑm`wKhpwsImïv Ah³ Zñment\mSv Ieið IqSnbXmWv. Fómð A_vZðdlam\pw ]camÀ°ambn«s{X {]hÀ¯n¨Xpw. I¸enð Nc¡pIbÁn Xoc¯Xn\mð Ah[n amÁnsh¨p. FóñmsX Cu Imcy¯nð Ah³ Hcp NXnbpw sNbvXncpónñ.

GXmbmepw C\n XncnsI t]mIpónsñópd¨v I¸n¯ms\ Adnbn¨p. R§Ä¡mbn Hcp apdn I¸enð Hcp¡n¨p. 7þmw XobXn Xsó R§Ä I¸enð {]thin¨p. ao\w 8þmw XobXn AôcaWn¡v I¸ð ]pds¸SpóXphsc \mhpw, aqi, a³kqÀ apXembhÀ Hs¡bpw R§sf hóp ImWpIbpw Bhiy§sf A\zjn¨pXcnIbpw sNbvXp. I¸ð ]pds¸«t¸mÄ Pe{]fb¯nð\nóv t\mlnsâbpw IpSpw_¯nsâbpw AhØ R§Ä¡v HmÀ½ hóp. s]«nbnð F«mßm¡sf kap{Z¯nsâ hmbnð\nóv c£n¡phm³ thïn R§Ä hyk\]qÀÆw {]mÀ°n¨p. _elo\òmcpw ]m]nIfpamb R§fpsS {]mÀ°\Isf sNhns¡mïv t£at¯msS R§sf kIe A]IS§fnð \nópw c£n¨ IÀ¯mhn\v Fópsató¡pw alXzapïmIs«.