tdmam, cm{ã§Ä IogS¡pIbpw tImf\nIÄ Øm]n¡pIbpw sNbvX km{amPyXz ]cn]mSnIÄ Bcw`n¨t¸mÄ bq{^«oknsâ [Euphrates] cm{ãob, kmwkvImcnI ss]XrIw Hcp ]n³Kmanbmbn AhÀ GsÁSp¯p. tdmw Øm]n¡s¸«Xn\p hfsc ap³t] Xsó {Ko¡v tImf\nIÄ knknenbnepw [Sicily] Z£nW CÁenbnepw [Southern Italy] Dïmbncpóp. {Ko¡v BÀ«v [Greek art], hmkvXphnZy [Architecture] FónhbpsS k¼óXsb tdmam¡mÀ Xncn¨dnªp. {Ko¡v ssienItfbpw Bib§tfbpw {Ko¡v kwkvImc§fnð \nópw AhÀ ISw hm§n, X§fpsS kz´w Iebnð A\pIcn¡m³ {ian¨p. hmkvXh¯nð tdma Bbncpóp {Ko¡v, slñ\nkvÁnIv kwkvImcw [Hellenistic culture] sshhn[y temIt¯¡v sImïphóXv. AhÀ krãn¨ \Kc§sf at\mlcam¡m³ {Ko¡v IemImcòmscbpw IcIuiehnZKvZtcbpw {t]mÕmln¸n¨p. Fómð Ah X§fpsS Xsó sshZKvZyamsWóv tdmam¡mÀ {]Ncn¸n¨p. {Ko¡pImcpsS `mj, hnZym`ymk k{¼Zmbw, kmlnXy Bib§Ä Fónhsbms¡ tdmam¡mÀ kzoIcn¨p. Ipeo\amb tdma `h\§fnð Ip«nIÄ Fñm {]mtbmKnI Bhiy§¡pambn {Ko¡v `mjbnð Bg¯nepÅ Adnhv hfÀ¯n. CenbUpw HUoknbpw [Iliad and Odyssey] t]mepÅ {Ko¡v kmlnXy§fpsS al¯mb IrXnIfpw AhÀ ]Tn¸n¨p. Fóncpómepw, tdmam¡mÀ X§fpsS {Ko¡v FXncmfnIfpambn XmcXayw sN¿pt¼mÄ AhcpsS aXhnizmk§fnð Gsd apónembncpóp. A¡mes¯ kaImenI kaqls¯ \½Ä XmcXays¸Sp¯pt¼mÄ, {Koknsâ \nb{´WLSIw hyànbpw hyànKX{]m[m\yhpw BsWóv \mw ImWpóp. AtXkabw, tdman\v AXv AhcpsS dn¸»n¡pw \nbahpw Bbncpsó¦nð t]Àjy¡mÀ¡v AhcpsS cmPmhpw blqZamÀ¡v tamibpw Ið¸\Ifpw Bbncpóp.

tdmam¡mÀ henb \nÀ½mXm¡fmbncpóp. AXn\mð tdmamkm{amPy¯nepS\ofw Dïmbncpó tdmUpIfpw ]me§fpw aÁp Bibhn\nab ASnØm\ kuIcy§fpw {InkvXym\nXz¯nsâ {]NcW¯nð henb kzm[o\w sNep¯n. kvtIm«ve³Unð \nópw bq{^«okvhsc [Scotland to the Euphrates] GItZiw A³]¯n aqhmbncw ssaepItfmfw ssZÀLyapÅ tdmUpIÄ ]pcmX\ temI¯nð hfsc X{´]camb {]m[m\yw AÀln¡póp. sZÀ_bnepw, Ct¡m\ybnepw ]nknZy³ At´ymIybnepw [Derbe, Iconium, and Pisidian Antioch] hnip² ]utemkv ZuXyw \S¯nbXv tdmam¡mÀ \nÀ½n¨ {][m\ tdmUpIfnð¡qSn bm{X sNbvXn«mbncpóp. kndnbbnse At´ymIybnð\nópw XÀskmkvv, ethmZnIy, Fs^skmkv [Antioch of Syria and Tarsus to Apamea, Laodicea and Ephesus] Fón {]tZi§fnepw AhÀ tdma³ tdmUpIfneqsS bm{X sNbvXp. ( [Acts 13:14,51;14:20-21;15:42-16:2) (Acts 20:5-6; 16:11; 2 Cor.2:12] )

tbip P\n¨ ImeL«w Fó \nebnepw Hcp ]pXnb bpK¯nsâ BhnÀ`mhw Ipdn¨ ImeL«w Fó \nebnepw kokÀ AKkvÁknsâ [Caesar Augustus] `cWImeL«w aÁp tdmam N{IhÀ¯nIfptSXnð \nóv {]m[m\yaÀln¡póXmbncpóp. AKkvÁkv B.C. 12 ð N{IhÀ¯nbmbn. At±l¯nsâ `cWImew kpØnchpw, kam[m\]chpw, k¼óhpambncpóp. P\§Ä AhcpsS t\Xm¡òmnð kwXr]vXcpw A`nam\w sImÅpIbpw sNbvXncpóp. tdma³ aX§fpsS {]m[m\yw t{]mÕmln¸n¡póXn\mbn At±lw t£{X§Ä \nÀ½n¨p. IebpsS c£m[nImcnbmbncpóp At±lw. tdmanse IemkrãnIÄ hfÀ¯póXn\pw sa¨s¸Sp¯póXn\pw kt´mj]qÀÆw At±lw ]Ww sNehgn¨p. AXn\mbn [\nIhÀKs¯ {t]mÕmln¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. km{amPy¯nsâ [mÀ½nI ImemhØ sa¨s¸Sp¯phm³ AKkvÁkv ]c¼cmKX tdma³ aXs¯ ]p\cpÖohn¸n¡m³ {ian¨p. ]c¼cmKX tdma IpSpw_s¯ Øm]nXamb \nba§fmð _es¸Sp¯m³ At±lw {ian¨p. AXv hy`nNmc¯n\v in£n¡pIbpw, hnhml¯n\v Bhiys¸SpIbpw, hn[hIfpsS ]p\Àhnhmlw \S¯pIbpw sNbvXp.

ASna¯w, tkmjyð kZmNmcw [Slavery and Social Morality]
]pcmX\ kaql¯nð ASna¯w Hcp ASnØm\LSIambncpóp. sle\nI, tdma ImeL«§fnð ASnahyhØ hfsc hn]peambn \ne\nóncpóp. {IqcXbv¡pw ssewKnI ssek³kn\pw ASna¯w hgnsXfn¨p. bp²w, ss]dkn, Ip«nIfpsS A\mY kmón²yw, IS§Ä ho«m³ thïn kzbamtbm Ip«nIfpsStbm hnð¸\, tImSXnIfnð IpÁw Npa¯ð, ASnabmb A½bneqsS P\\w apXembhbmbncpóp ASnaIfpsS DÛhw. Hcp ASna kzX{´\mIpt¼mÄ t£{XtcJIfnð AXv tcJs¸Sp¯mdpïmbncpóp. ]pXnb \nba¯nð ]m]]cnlmc¯n\pÅ hosïSp¸Sbmfw Bbncn¡mw CXv. tdma³ \nba¯nð AwKoIrXamb Hcp {]tbmKhpw tdma³ skmsskÁnbnð kmam\y_p²n¡v ]cnNnXamb Hcp BNmchpambncpóXnembncn¡mw hnip² ]utemkv Zs¯Sp¡ð Fó ]Zw Xsâ X¯z§sf kaÀ°n¡phm³ D]tbmKn¨Xv. [Gal 4:5; Rom 8:15, 23; Eph 1:5] Zs¯Sp¡ð tdma³ kaql¯nð Cót¯Xnt\¡mÄ {]Npcambncpóp. GXp {]mb¯nepw Zs¯Sp¡s¸« hyàn Xsâ KXhyhØbnð \nópw ]qÀ® hntamNnX\pw Fñm ]gb IS§fpw d±m¡s¸«h\pambncpóp. Ah³ Zs¯Sp¯ IpSpw_¯nse _Ôp¡Ä¡nSbnð ]pXnsbmcp PohnXw Bcw`n¡pIbpw sNbvXncpóp. IpSpw_mwK¯nsâ t]cnepw AhcpsS ]mc¼cy¯nepw Ah\v AÀlXbpïmbncpóp.

kmaqlnI kmapZmbnI kwLS\bpsS ]e khntijXIfpw hn{Klmcm[\bnð \nópw Asñ¦nð ssZh§fpambpÅ _Ô¯nð \nópw Dcp¯ncnªhbmbncpóp. Ah [mÀ½nIXbpsS XIÀ¨bv¡pw ImcWambncpóp. IpÁhmfnIÄ¡v in£ \ðInbncpóXv J\nIfnte¡v \mSpIS¯nbpw h[in£ IpcninteÁnbpw Bbncpóp. ssewKnI ]m]§Ä s]mXpth, ]pXnb\nba¯nse an¡hmdpw Fñm ImÁtemKpIfnepw {]Xn]mZn¨ncpóp. ssewKnIXbv¡v At\Iw ]cymb§fpïmbncpóp. [1 Cor. 6:9; Gal 5:19, Col 3:5] kzhÀKcXnsb kvt\l¯nsâ t{ijvTamb cq]ambn IW¡m¡s¸«ncpóp. thiymhr¯n FóXv Hcp AwKoIrX Øm]\w am{Xañ, Gjymssa\À, kndnb, ^n\ojy [Asia Minor, Syria, and Phoenicia] FónhbpsS ^e`qbnjvTamb IeIfpsS kzm[o\¯nð Nne t£{X§fnð aX]camb NS§pIfmbncpóp.

hnhmlhpw IpSpw_hpw
[Marriage and family] : blqZ, {Ko¡v, tdma kaql§fnð \nehnencpó hnhmlPohnXw GI `mcy `À¯r hyhØbnembncpóp. AXv tamN\clnXambncpónñ. {InkvXpaX¯nsâ ]Ým¯e {IaoIcWw \ðInb Fñm kwkvImc§fnepw kaql¯nsâ ASnØm\ LSIambncpóp IpSpw_w. dºn\n¡v t{kmXkpIfn³{]Imcw [rabbinic sources] PqXhnhmlw {Ko¡v, tdmam hnhml ]mc¼cy§fpambn Ht«sd Hu]NmcnI kmZriy§Ä ImWn¡póp. Fñm kaql§fnepw hnhml_豈 Hcpan¨v Pohn¡m³ k½Xw \ðIpóXpw {]P\\¯n\pÅ D]m[nbpw Bbncpóp. AKkvÁkv N{IhÀ¯nbpsS `cWIme¯v IpSpw_w kwØm\¯nsâ \nba¯n³ Iognembn. {Ko¡v \nba {]Imcw hnhml¯n\p ap³]mbn Hcp hnhml DS¼Sn \nÀ_ÔnXambncn¡Ww. hnhmltamN\¯n\p Hcmtfm cïpt]cptam Bb I£nIÄ \ðIpó Hcp efnXamb Hmd Asñ¦nð tcJmaqeapÅ Adnbn¸v aXnbmbncpóp. Hómw \qÁmïnð blqZ\nba¯nse hyhØbnð \nóv hyXykvXambn, tdmanepw {Koknepw hnhmltamN\¯n\mbn kv{Xobv¡pw ]pcpj\pw hnfw_cw sN¿phm³ km[n¡pambncpóp. Fómð blqZ \nba{]Imcw hnhmltamN\w e`n¡phm\pÅ AhImiw ]pcpj\v am{XapÅXmbncpóp. [Mark10:11-12; Matt. 5:32]

kaql¯nð kv{XobpsS Øm\w [Place of Woman]
]pcpj B[n]XyapÅ {Ko¡v kaql¯nð kv{XoIÄ¡v bmsXmcp cm{ãob AhImihpw Dïmbncpónñ. kv{XoIÄ¡v hnZym`ymkw e`n¨ncpsó¦nepw KrlØ Imcy§Ä¡v taðt\m«w hln¡pó Hcp kv{XobpsS Øew Krl¯n\pÅnð Xsóbmbncpóp. kv{XoIsf DÄs¡mÅm\pÅ hfsc Ipdª km[yXbpÅ ]pcpj ta[mhnXzw \ne \nóncpó Hcp taJebmbncpóp X¯zimkv{Xw [Philosophy]. {Ko¡v kv{XoIÄ¡v hnZym`ymkw e`n¨ncpóXv kz´w `h\¯ntem \ómbn A`ykn¨ hnZKv²cnð \ntóm Bbncpóp. hmb\, Fgp¯v, KWnXw, kv]nónwKv, s\bv¯v, Fw{t_mbnUdn, ]m«v, \r¯w, kwKoX D]IcWw Fónhbnð s]¬Ip«nIÄ¡v AhcpsS hoSpIfnð ]cnioe\w e`n¨ncpóp. kv]mÀ«bnð [Spartan] B¬ Ip«nIÄ¡v kam\amb Hu]NmcnI hnZym`ymkw s]¬Ip«nIÄ¡pw e`n¨ncpóp. _lpam\n¡s¸Spó kv{XoIÄ s]mXpØe§fnð kwkmcn¨ncpónñ. ^nen¸nb kv{XoIÄ¡v, {]tXyIn¨v amkntUmWnbbnse [Macedonian] kv{XoIÄ¡v s]mXpImcy§fnÄ kzmX{´yhpw {]m[m\yhpw Dïmbncpóp. aÁp kwkvImc§sf At]£n¨v hyànsbó \nebnð cm{ãob AhImi§sfmópw Dïmbncpónsñ¦nepw tdma³ kv{XoIÄ kaql¯nð Hcp _lpam\hpw BZchpw BkzZn¨ncpóp. Fñm kv{XoIÄ¡pw _lpam\hpw BZchpw \ðIWsaóv tdma ]mc¼cyw \njv¡Àjn¨ncpóp. tdma³ ]pcpjòmÀ X§fpsS ho«ptPmXm¡fmbn IW¡m¡s¸«ncpóXn\mð tdma³ kv{XoIsf hoSnsâ X¼pcm«nbmbn IW¡m¡nbncpóp. ]pcpjòmcpsS A`mh¯nð Úm\]qÀhw `cn¡m³ kv{XoIÄ {]m]vXcmsWóv AhÀ {]Xo£n¨ncpóp. cm{ãobamb ImcW§fmepw bp²w aqehpw DïmIpó ]pcpjòmcpsS A`mh¯nð ]pcpjòmcnð ]ecpw sN¿mdpÅ an¡ tPmenIfpw tdma³ kv{XoIÄ sNbvXncpóp. IqSmsX, tdma³ h\nXIÄ s]¬Ip«nIfpsSbpw B¬Ip«nIfpsSbpw hnZym`ymk¯n\v D¯chmZnIfmbncpóp. blqZ kv{XoIÄ {Ko¡v kv{XoIsft¸mse ]cky{]hÀ¯nIfnð ]cnanXs¸«ncpónsñ¦nepw, Hómw \qÁmïnse tdma h\nXIsft¸mse kzmX{´yanñmbncpóp. kv{XoIÄ tXmlvd \nba§fpw Bib§fpw ]Tn¡póXn\pw AXv \ndthÁpóXn\pw \njvIÀjn¨ncpóp. ]mkvÁdð F¸nkvÁnense kv{XoIsf ]cmaÀin¨pÅ hnhcW§Ä {Ko¡v Bib¯n\v hfsc ASp¯p \nð¡póp. [1 Tim 5:14; Titus 2:3-5]

hnt\mZw [Entertainment] :
B.C. 708 ð Øm]nXamb Hfn¼nIvknse kvt]mÀ«vkv [Olympic Sports] hfsc ]pcmX\hpw ImbnI Ncn{Xw DÄs¡mÅpóXpamWv. HutZymKnIambn AwKoIrXamb A{Ia§Ä [Officially sanctioned violence] Nne sKbnw IfnbpsS `mKambncpóp. {Ko¡pImÀ Pnwt\jyw, kvtÁUnbw [Gymnasium and stadium] Fónhbnse hymbma§Ä¡v {]m[m\yw \ðInbncpóp. Bw^n XnbÁÀ kvt]mSvkv, kÀ¡kv [Amphitheatre and circus] apXemb ]cn]mSnIÄ¡v tdmam¡mÀ IqSpXð {i² ]Xn¸n¨ncpóp. BZyIme Cw]ocnbð tdmanð [Imperial Rome] hfsc sshhn²yamÀó ImgvNIfpÅ hnt\mZ§fpambn [Spectacle Entertainments] at\mlcamb ku[§Ä Dïmbncpóp. BZyIme {InkvXob [mÀ½nIhmZnIfpw hàm¡fpw [Early Christian moralists and Apologists] ]pdPmXob temI¯nse aqóp Xcw ImgvNIsf hnaÀin¨ncpóp: \mSIthZnbpw, Bw^nsjbdpw, kÀ¡kpw [Theatre, the amphitheatre, and circus]. s]mXpP\k¼À¡ ]cn]mSnIfpsS GÁhpw henb Øeambncpóp XotbÁdpIÄ [Theatres] . [Acts 19:29]

hnZym`ymkw [Education] :
{Ko¡nse hnZym`ymk k{¼Zmbw {InkvXob hnZym`ymk¯nð henb kzm[o\w sNep¯n. CXv {InkvXob hnZym`ymk¯nse X¯zNn´, ]mTy]²Xn LS\, coXnimkv{Xw [Christian educational philosophy, curriculum structure, and methodology] Fónhbv¡v henb kw`mh\ \ðIn. Cu sshhn[y¯nsâ GÁhpw anI¨ DZmlcW§fnð csï®amWv kv]mÀ«, GY³knse \Kc-kwØm\§Ä Fónh. kv]mÀ«¡mÀ kmlnXyw, aXw, `mj Fónhbnð aÁp {Ko¡pImcpambn ]¦ptNÀóv ]T\w \S¯n. ]s£ kv]mÀ« hnZym`ymkw {][m\ambpw imcocnIhpw, ssk\nIhpw, [mÀ½nIhpw Bbncpóp. kv]mÀ« hnZym`ymk k{¼Zmb¯nsâ _m[yX hfsc KuchtadnbXmbncpóp. AwKoIrX A¨S¡ewL\w \S¯póhsc ]ucXz¯nð \nóv Hgnhm¡s¸«ncpóp. Hcp kv]mÀ« Ip«nbpsS hnZym`ymkw hfsc sNdp¸¯nð Xsó Bcw`n¡póp. hnZym`ymk¯n\mbpÅ {Ko¡p]Z§Ä, am\hnI cq]hXvIcWs¯ kqNn¸n¡póXn\v e¯o\nte¡v ]cn`mjs¸Sp¯nb ]cnioe\tam in£Wtam BWv. {Ko¡v hnZym`ymkw {]mYanIambn ^nkn¡ð, ssk\oIw, [mÀ½nIX Fónh Bbncpóp. {Ko¡v Ip«nbpsS hnZym`ymkhpw hfsc sNdp¸¯nð Xsó Bcw`n¨ncpóp. ASnØm\]cambn GY³knð \mep Xcw hnZymeb§Ä Dïmbncpóp. 6 apXð 13 hsc {]mbapÅ B¬Ip«nI¡v thïn {]mYanI hnZymeb§Ä, ]Xnaqóv apXð ]s¯m¼Xv hscbpÅ B¬Ip«nIÄ¡mbpÅ sk¡ïdn kvIqfpIÄ, ]Xns\«papXð Ccp]¯ncïv hsc {]mbapÅ B¬Ip«nIÄ¡pff ssk\nI DóX hnZym`ymk¯n\pÅ kvIqfpIÄ. an¡ kvIqfpIfpw sNdpInS kzImcy kz`mhapÅhbmbncpóp. A[ym]Isâ i¼fw hnZymÀ°nItfm, hnZym`ymk Øm]\§Ä¡v kvt]m¬kÀjn¸v \ðInbncpó k¼ócmb ]ucòmtcm \ðInbncpóp. _n. kn Aômw \qÁmïnð tkm^nkvÁpIÄ GY³knse kmwkvImcnI-hnZym`ymk cwKs¯ kzm[o\n¡m³ XpS§n. tkm{I«okv [Socrates] [470-399 B.C] Cós¯ Ime¯pw D]tbmKn¡s¸Spó Hcp ]Tn¸n¡ð coXn hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¯p. hnZym`ymks¯ kzm[o\n¨ asÁmcp AtY\¡mc³ t¹tÁm Plato [428-348 B.C.] Bbncpóp. AcnkvtÁm«nð Aristotle [384-322 B.C.] GY³knse Ahkm\s¯ hnZym`ymk hnN£W\mbncpóp. AcnkvtÁm«nen³ kaqlw {]IrXnZ¯ Øm]\amWv. ASna¯s¯ Hcp kzm`mhnI kwkv¡mcambn AhÀ ho£n¨p, ImcWw {]IrXnbnð HcmÄ¡v asÁmcmfnt\¡mÄ Pò\mXsó {tijvTXbpsïóv At±lw hnizkn¨p. \memw \qÁmïnsâ Ahkm\w, AeIvkmïdnsâ km{amPyw Øm]nXambtXmsS, {Ko¡v kwkvImc B[n]Xy¯nsâ Hcp ]pXnb bpKw XpS§n. AeIvkmïdpsS A²ym]I\mb AcnkvtÁm«nensâ kzm[o\apïmbncpó slñ\nk kwkvImcambncpóp AXv. slñ\nI hnZym`ymkw kmwkvImcnI hnIk\¯n\v hgn sXfn¨p. B.C. aqómas¯bpw cïmas¯bpw \qÁmïpIfnð ap\nkn¸menÁnbpsS \nb{´nX {]mYanI hnZymeb kwhn[m\w cq]s¸«p.

BZyIme tdmam¡mcpsS hnZym`ymk¯nsâ {]mYanI GP³kn IpSpw_w Bbncpóp. A½ Ipªp§sf IcpXpIbpw Ip«nIÄ¡v tdmam ]uc³ Adnªncnt¡ïsXñmw ]cnioen¸n¡bpw sNbvXncpóp. Ggv hbÊnð {]mtbmKnI hnZym`ymkw Bcw`n¡póp. an¡ B¬Ip«nIfpw IrjnbnepÅ sshZKvZyw AhcpsS kz´w ]nXmhnð\nópw DÅ ]cnioe\¯neqsS e`yam¡n. tdma³ sk¡ïdn hnZym`ymkw ]{´ïv apXð ]Xn\mdv hbÊv hsc {]mbapÅ bphm¡Ä¡v hymIcW hnZymeb§fnð tI{µoIcn¨pÅXmbncpóp. Cu kvIqfpIfnð tdmam¡mÀ {]ISn¸n¨ hnZym`ymk]camb BZÀi§Ä en_dð hnZym`ymk¯nsâ {Ko¡v k¦ð]¯n\v kam\ambncpóp. tdma DóX hnZym`ymkw {][m\ambpw hmNmtSm]s¯¡pdn¨pÅ [Rhetoric] ]T\ambncpóp. Hómw \qÁmïnð Hcp tdma³ kÀ¡mÀ \bw hnIkn¡m³ XpS§n. Ggv apXð ]{´ïp hbÊphsc {]mbapÅ tdma³ B¬Ip«nIÄ¡mbn«pÅ {]mYanI hnZymeb§Ä kmlnXy [mÀ½nI hnZym`ymk¯nsâ Hcp GPâv Bbn¯oóp, Ah GXmïv AtX {Ko¡v hnZym`ymk amXrIbnembncpóp. ]T\ coXnIfnð ]IÀ¯n\pw a\]mT¯n\pw [Memorization and copying] {]m[m\yw \ðIn. BZyIme km{amPy¯nsâ kabambt¸mtg¡pw Fgp¯pIebv¡v henb {]m[m\yapïmbncpóp. kvIqfpIfnse A¨S¡w hfsc ITn\ambncpóp. kvIqfnð \nópw hcnIbpw t]mIpIbpw sN¿pt¼mÄ Ip«nIfpsS IqsS Hcp s]tUmtKmKn [Pedagogues] A\pKan¨ncpóp. km[mcWbmbn, At±lw [À½hpw s]mXpP\t£ahpw t\m¡n\S¯m³ \nbanX\mb ASnabmbncpóp. [Gal. 3:23-25] km[mcWKXnbnð s]tUmtKmKnIÄ Ip«nIsf ITn\ambn ]oUn¸n¡pIbpw {Iqcambn s]cpamdpIbpw sNbvXncpóp. tdma³ sk¡³Udn hnZym`ymkw ]{´ïn\pw ]Xn\mdn\pw CSbnð {]mbapÅ bphm¡Ä¡v hymIcW hnZymeb§fnð tI{µoIcn¨ncpóp. A[ym]I³ Hcp ]mTw hmbn¡pIbpw hniZoIcn¡pIbpw sNbvXpsImïv hmNmtSm]¯nsâ hnaÀi\w, hm¡pIfpsSbpw k\ymk§fpsSbpw AÀ°w, antYmfPn, Ncn{Xs¯¡pdn¨pÅ ]cmaÀi§Ä, hymIcWw, IrXyamb D]tbmKw, cN\bpsS N«§Ä Fónhsb¡pdn¨v hniZoIcn¡m\pÅ coXnbmbncpóp {]t_m[\ coXn.

tdma DóX hnZym`ymk¯nepw {Ko¡v kzm[o\w Dïmbncpóp. tdmam km{amPyw IqSpXð k¦oÀWambtXmsS, tdmam {Ko¡v hmNmtSm]¯nsâ [Rhetoric] Blzm\w IqSpXð cq£ambn. tdmam¡mÀ {Ko¡v hmNmtSm]¡mcpsS D]ÚmXmhpIbmbncpóp. hmNmtSm]¯nsâ Pòkn²amb B LSI§Ä tdmam¡mÀ AhcpsS PohnX ssienbnð kzoIcn¨p. X¯zimkv{Xw, KWnXw, kwKoXw, kmlnXyw, hmNmtSm]w, tPymsa{SnIvkv, tPymXnimkv{Xw [philosophy, mathematics, music, literature, rhetoric, geometry and astronomy] XpS§nbhbpsS ]T\amWv hymIcW kvIqfnse ]mTy]²Xnbnð DÄs¸Sp¯vnbncpóXv.

{InkvXob hnZym`ymkw PqX hnZym`ymk¯nsâ Hcp hn]peoIcWamWv. DS¼Snbnð ]dªncn¡póXpt]mse ssZhhpambpÅ AhcpsS _Ô¯nsâ Ncn{XamWv blqZcpsS Ncn{Xw. PohnX¯nsâ Fñm hi§fpw DÄs¸Sp¯n km[mcWhpw A\u]NmcnIhpw Bbncpóp hnZym`ymkw. HómaXmbn, \nbaw A\pimkn¡pó BNmc§Ä A\pjvTn¡pó ]ptcmlnXòmsc ]cnioen¸nt¡ïXpïmbncpóp. cïmaXmbn, \nba¯nð BfpIsf, {]tXyIn¨v Bcm[\, bmK§Ä, DÕh§Ä, aÁv aX]camb ISaIÄ Fónhsb¡pdn¨v ]cnioen¸n¨ncpóp. hoSpw aXØehpw PqX aXhnZym`ymk¯n\pw hmbn¡pIbpw FgpXpIbpw sN¿póXn\pw DÅ Hcp {]mYanI hnZym`ymk tI{µambncpóp. blqZ {]mYanI hnZymeb§Ä A.D. cïmw \qÁmïnð hsc sbcpitean\v ]pd¯mWv hym]Iambn ImWs¸«ncpóXv. A¡mes¯ {]mYanI hnZymeb§Ä imkv{XnamcpsS [Scribe] hmb\ \S¯pó Krl§fmbncpóp. ¢mÊpIÄ ]et¸mgpw kn\tKmKn\p [Synagogue] NpÁnepw ASp¯pÅ apdnIfnepw \S¯nbncpóp. blqZ Ip«n F{_mb Xncpshgp¯pIÄ hmbn¡m\pw Xncpshgp¯pIÄ a\x]mTam¡póXn\pw henb {]m[m\yw \ðIpambncpóp.

\nbaw ]Tn¸n¡pó sk¡ïdn kvIqfpIÄ cïmw \qÁmïnð \ne\nóncpóXmbn IcpXs¸Spóp. alm\mb Hcp ]ÞnX\mIpóXn\v hn]peamb ]T\w Bhiyambnhóp. [Acts 22:3] Cu L«¯nð hnZymÀ°nIÄ, Xncpshgp¯pIfpsS hymJym\hpw dºn\nIv \nbahpw [Talmud] {]m[m\yw \ðIn A`ykn¨ncpóp. Cu ]T\w dºn Asñ¦nð aX ]ÞnX³ Fó \nebnð {]hÀ¯n¡m\pÅ Hcp X¿msdSp¸mbncpóp. bphm¡sf, ]W¡mct\m, ]mhs¸«ht\m, ]ÞnXt\m, ]mact\m, AÚmXt\m, Øehmkntbm Fó hyXymkw CñmsX GsX¦nepw Hcp sXmgnenð ]cnioen¸n¨ncpóp. [St. Paul Acts 18:3] cïmw \qÁmïn\ptijw hnZymk¼ócmb blqZÀ {Ko¡v, emÁn³ Fóo `mjIÄ A\À¤fambn kwkmcn¨ncpóp. PqX hnZym`ymk¯nð {Ko¡v-tdma hnZym`ymk¯nsâ AtX coXnIÄ D]cn¹hambn ]n´pSÀóncpsó¦nepw, DÅS¡w Xptemw hyXykvXambncpóp. blqZ hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e£yw aXhpw tXmdbpsS [Torah] Adnhpw {]tbmKhpw Bbncpóp. tlmadnsâbpw \mSIIr¯pIfpsSbpw [Homer and dramatists] ]T\¯n\p]Icw, hnZymÀ°nIÄ Xncpshgp¯pIfpsSbpw imk{XnamcpsS hmsamgn ]mc¼cy¯nsâbpw ]mT§Ä ]Tn¨p. [Josephus: Antiquities translation] kn\tKmKpIfpsS {]mYanIe£yw \nba ]T\hpw \nÀt±i§fpw Bbncpóp. BhÀ¯\¯neqsSbpw a\]mT§fneqsSbpw BWv A²ym]\w \S¯nbncpóXv. blqZÀ¡v \ymb{]amWw hmbn¡m\pw BtemNn¡m\pw NÀ¨ sN¿m\pw Ignbpó Hcp Øeambncpóp kn\tKmKv. blqZ hnZym`ymk¯nð kn\tKmKpIÄ hfsc {]m[m\yw AÀln¡póp. AXmbXv GXmïv ]¯v blqZ ]pcpjòmcpïmbncpó Øe§fnð Hcp kn\tKmKv Dïmbncpóp.

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